Light-emitting device and electronic apparatus including the light-emitting device

ABSTRACT

A light-emitting device and an electronic apparatus including the same are provided. The light-emitting device includes a first electrode, a second electrode facing the first electrode, and an interlayer between the first electrode and the second electrode. The interlayer includes an emission layer, and a hole transport region between the emission layer and the first electrode. The hole transport region includes at least one first compound including 15N in the number of m1, 15N in the number of m1 is linked to a neighboring carbon (C) via a single bond, m1 is an integer equal to or greater than 1, and the first compound is not Compound A in the specification.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION(S)

This application claims priority to and benefits of Korean PatentApplication No. 10-2020-0078803 under 35 U.S.C. § 119, filed on Jun. 26,2020 in the Korean Intellectual Property Office, the entire contents ofwhich are incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND 1. Technical Field

Embodiments relate to a light-emitting device and an electronicapparatus including the light-emitting device.

2. Description of the Related Art

Among light-emitting devices, organic light-emitting devices areself-emission devices that have wide viewing angles, high contrastratios, short response times, and excellent characteristics in terms ofbrightness, driving voltage, and response speed, compared to devices inthe art.

Organic light-emitting devices may include a first electrode disposed ona substrate, and a hole transport region, an emission layer, an electrontransport region, and a second electrode sequentially stacked on thefirst electrode. Holes provided from the first electrode may move towardthe emission layer through the hole transport region, and electronsprovided from the second electrode may move toward the emission layerthrough the electron transport region. Carriers, such as the holes andthe electrons, recombine in the emission layer to produce excitons.These excitons transition from an excited state to a ground state tothereby generate light.

SUMMARY

Embodiments relate to a light-emitting device including a compoundhaving excellent light-emission efficiency and high stability, and anelectronic apparatus including the light-emitting device.

Additional aspects will be set forth in part in the description whichfollows and, in part, will be apparent from the description, or may belearned by practice of the embodiments of the disclosure.

According to an aspect, a light-emitting device is provided that mayinclude a first electrode, a second electrode facing the firstelectrode, and an interlayer between the first electrode and the secondelectrode,

wherein the interlayer may include an emission layer, and a holetransport region between the emission layer and the first electrode,

the hole transport region may include at least one first compoundincluding ¹⁵N in the number of m₁,

¹⁵N in the number of m₁ may be linked to a neighboring carbon (C) via asingle bond,

m₁ may be an integer equal to or greater than 1, and

the at least one first compound may not be Compound A:

In an embodiment, at least one C from among C linked to ¹⁵N in thenumber of m₁ via a single bond may be ¹²C.

In an embodiment, m₁ may be an integer from 1 to 10.

In an embodiment, at least one ¹⁵N from among ¹⁵N in the number of m₁may form a part of a cyclic group included in the at least one firstcompound.

In an embodiment, at least one ¹⁵N from among ¹⁵N in the number of m₁may not form a part of a cyclic group included in the at least one firstcompound.

In an embodiment, the at least one first compound may further include¹⁴N in the number of m₂, ¹⁴N in the number of m₂ may be linked to aneighboring carbon (C) via a single bond, and m₂ may be an integer equalto or greater than 1.

In an embodiment, at least one ¹⁴N from among ¹⁴N in the number of m₂may not form a part of a cyclic group included in the at least one firstcompound.

In an embodiment, the at least one first compound may include two ormore N(s), and when two N(s) from among the two or more N(s) are linkedto a heteroatom-free group, at least one of the two N(s) may be ¹⁵N.

In an embodiment, the at least one first compound may include two ormore N(s), the two or more N(s) may each form a first cyclic group and asecond cyclic group, and when the first cyclic group and the secondcyclic group form a condensed ring with each other, at least one of thetwo or more N(s) may be ¹⁵N.

In an embodiment, each N included in the at least one first compound maybe ¹⁵N.

In an embodiment, the at least one first compound may further include O,S, Si, P, B, or a combination thereof.

In an embodiment, each of the at least one first compound may berepresented by one of Formulae 1, 1-1, 2, 2-1, and 3:

In Formulae 1, 1-1, 2, 2-1, and 3,

Y₂₁ may be O, S, Se, C(Z_(21a))(Z_(21b)), Si(Z_(21a))(Z_(21b)), orN*(Z_(21a)),

Y₃₁ may be O, S, Se, C(Z_(31a))(Z_(31b)), Si(Z_(31a))(Z_(31b)), orN*(Z_(31a)),

Y₃₂ may be O, S, Se, C(Z_(32a))(Z_(32b)), Si(Z_(32a))(Z_(32b)), orN*(Z_(32a)),

N* may be ¹⁴N or ¹⁵N,

at least one N* in Formula 1, 1-1, 2, 2-1, or 3 may be ¹⁵N,

b21, b31, and b32 may each independently be an integer from 0 to 3,

Ar₁₁ to Ar₁₄, Ar₂₁, Ar₂₂, and Ar₂₄ may each independently be a C₃-C₆₀carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_(10a)or a C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with atleast one R_(10a),

ring A₂₁, A₂₂, and A₃₁ to A₃₄ may each independently be a C₃-C₆₀carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_(10a)or a C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with atleast one R_(10a),

L₁₀, L₂₀, and L₃₀ may each independently be *—O—′, *—S—′, *—N*(Ar₁₅)—*′,a C₃-C₆₀ carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at leastone R_(10a), or a C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substitutedwith at least one R_(10a),

Ar₁₅ may be the same as described in connection with Ar₁₁,

L₁₁ to L₁₄ and L₂₁ to L₂₄ may each independently be a C₃-C₆₀ carbocyclicgroup unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_(10a) or a C₁-C₆₀heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least oneR_(10a),

a11 to a14 and a21 to a24 may each independently be an integer from 0 to10,

a10, a20, and a30 may each independently be an integer from 1 to 5,

R₂₁, R₂₂, R₃₁ to R₃₄, Z_(21a), Z₂₁b, Z₃₁a, Z₃₁b, Z₃₂a, and Z₃₂ b mayeach independently be hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxylgroup, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group unsubstitutedor substituted with at least one R_(10a), a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl groupunsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_(10a), a C₂-C₆₀ alkynylgroup unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_(10a), a C₁-C₆₀alkoxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_(10a), aC₃-C₆₀ carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least oneR_(10a), a C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted withat least one R_(10a), a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group unsubstituted orsubstituted with at least one R_(10a), a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio groupunsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_(10a), —Si(Q₁)(Q₂)(Q₃),—N*(Q₁)(Q₂), —B(Q₁)(Q₂), —C(═O)(Q₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₁), or —P(═O)(Q₁)(Q₂),

c21, c22, and c31 to c34 may each independently be an integer from 0 to10,

n may be an integer from 1 to 5,

R_(10a) may be:

deuterium (˜D), —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, or anitro group;

a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, ora C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium,—F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, aC₃-C₆₀ carbocyclic group, a C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxygroup, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, —Si(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂)(Q₁₃), —N*(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂),—B(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂), —C(═O)(Q₁₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₁₁), —P(═O)(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂), or acombination thereof;

a C₃-C₆₀ carbocyclic group, a C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group, a C₆-C₆₀aryloxy group, or a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, each unsubstituted orsubstituted with deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyanogroup, a nitro group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, aC₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a C₃-C₆₀ carbocyclic group,a C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthiogroup, —Si(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂)(Q₂₃), —N*(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂), —B(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂), —C(═O)(Q₂₁),—S(═O)₂(Q₂₁), —P(═O)(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂), or a combination thereof; or

—Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —N*(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —B(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —C(═O)(Q₃₁),—S(═O)₂(Q₃₁), or —P(═O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂),

Q₁ to Q₃, Q₁₁ to Q₁₃, Q₂₁ to Q₂₃, and Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ may each independentlybe: hydrogen; deuterium; —F; —Cl; —Br; —I; a hydroxyl group; a cyanogroup; a nitro group; a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group; a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group; aC₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group; a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group; or a C₃-C₆₀ carbocyclicgroup or a C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group, each unsubstituted or substitutedwith deuterium, —F, a cyano group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxygroup, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, or a combination thereof,

when a heteroatom included in the C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group is anitrogen atom, the nitrogen atom may be ¹⁴N or ¹⁵N,

a nitrogen atom included in the cyano group or the nitro group may be¹⁴N or ¹⁵N, and

N* may be ¹⁴N or ¹⁵N.

In an embodiment, the hole transport region may include two or morefirst compounds that are different from each other.

In an embodiment, the hole transport region may include a first layer,and a second layer between the first layer and the emission layer, thefirst layer and the second layer may each include the at least one firstcompound, and the at least one first compound included in the firstlayer may be different from the at least one first compound included inthe second layer.

In an embodiment, the at least one first compound included in the firstlayer may include ¹⁵N in the number of m₁₁, the at least one firstcompound included in the second layer may include ¹⁵N in the number ofm₁₂, and m₁₁ may be greater than m₁₂.

In an embodiment, the emission layer may include a first emission layer,a second emission layer, and a third emission layer each havingdifferent emission colors, the hole transport region may include a firstemission auxiliary layer between the first electrode and the firstemission layer, a second emission auxiliary layer between the firstelectrode and the second emission layer, and a third emission auxiliarylayer between the first electrode and the third emission layer, and atleast one of the first emission auxiliary layer, the second emissionauxiliary layer, and the third emission auxiliary layer may include theat least one first compound.

According to another aspect, a light-emitting device is provided thatmay include a first electrode, a second electrode facing the firstelectrode, an interlayer between the first electrode and the secondelectrode, and

a capping layer disposed outside the second electrode and having arefractive index of equal to or greater than about 1.6,

wherein the interlayer may include an emission layer, and a holetransport region between the emission layer and the first electrode, and

the hole transport region may include at least one first compound asdescribed above.

According to another aspect, an electronic apparatus including thelight-emitting device is provided, wherein the electronic apparatus mayfurther include a thin-film transistor, the thin-film transistor mayinclude a source electrode and a drain electrode, and the firstelectrode of the light-emitting device may be electrically connected tothe source electrode or the drain electrode.

In an embodiment, the electronic apparatus may further include a colorfilter, a color conversion layer, a touch screen layer, a polarizationlayer, or a combination thereof.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The above and other aspects, features, and advantages of certainembodiments of the disclosure will be more apparent from the followingdescription taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, inwhich

FIGS. 1 to 3 are each a schematic cross-sectional view of a structure ofa light-emitting device according to an embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS

Reference will now be made in detail to embodiments, examples of whichare illustrated in the accompanying drawings, wherein like referencenumerals refer to like elements throughout. In this regard, theembodiments may have different forms and should not be construed asbeing limited to the descriptions set forth herein. Accordingly, theembodiments are merely described below, by referring to the figures, toexplain aspects of the disclosure.

Sizes of elements in the drawings may be exaggerated for convenience ofexplanation. Therefore, as the sizes and thicknesses of components inthe drawings may be arbitrarily illustrated for convenience ofexplanation, the following embodiments of the disclosure are not limitedthereto.

As used herein, the expressions used in the singular such as “a,” “an,”and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless thecontext clearly indicates otherwise.

It should be understood that the terms “comprises,” “comprising,”“includes,” “including,” “have,” “having,” “contains,” “containing,” andthe like are intended to specify the presence of stated features,integers, steps, operations, elements, components, or combinationsthereof in the disclosure, but do not preclude the presence or additionof one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements,components, or combinations thereof.

In the description, it will be understood that when an element (aregion, a layer, a section, or the like) is referred to as being “on”,“connected to” or “coupled to” another element, it can be directly on,connected or coupled to the other element, or one or more interveningelements may be disposed therebetween.

As used herein, the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations ofone or more of the associated listed items. For example, “A and/or B”may be understood to mean “A, B, or A and B.” The terms “and” and “or”may be used in the conjunctive or disjunctive sense and may beunderstood to be equivalent to “and/or”.

The term “at least one of” is intended to include the meaning of “atleast one selected from” for the purpose of its meaning andinterpretation. For example, “at least one of A and B” may be understoodto mean “A, B, or A and B.” When preceding a list of elements, the term,“at least one of,” modifies the entire list of elements and does notmodify the individual elements of the list.

It will be understood that, although the terms “first”, “second”, etc.may be used herein to describe various elements, these elements shouldnot be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguishone element from another. For example, a first element could be termed asecond element, and, similarly, a second element could be termed a firstelement, without departing from the scope of the embodiments of theinventive concept.

The terms “below,” “lower,” “above,” “upper,” and the like are used todescribe the relationship of the configurations shown in the drawings.The terms are used as a relative concept and are described withreference to the direction indicated in the drawings.

The terms “about” or “approximately” as used herein is inclusive of thestated value and means within an acceptable range of deviation for therecited value as determined by one of ordinary skill in the art,considering the measurement in question and the error associated withmeasurement of the recited quantity (i.e., the limitations of themeasurement system). For example, “about” may mean within one or morestandard deviations, or within ±20%, ±10%, or ±5% of the stated value.

Unless otherwise defined or implied herein, all terms (includingtechnical and scientific terms) used have the same meaning as commonlyunderstood by those skilled in the art to which this disclosurepertains. It will be further understood that terms, such as thosedefined in commonly used dictionaries, should be interpreted as having ameaning that is consistent with their meaning in the context of therelevant art and should not be interpreted in an ideal or excessivelyformal sense unless clearly defined in the specification.

The light-emitting device may include a first electrode, a secondelectrode facing the first electrode, and an interlayer between thefirst electrode and the second electrode,

wherein the interlayer may include an emission layer and a holetransport region between the emission layer and the first electrode,

the hole transport region may include at least one first compoundincluding ¹⁵N in the number of m₁,

¹⁵N in the number of m₁ may be linked to a neighboring carbon (C) via asingle bond,

m₁ may be an integer equal to or greater than 1, and

the first compound may not be Compound A:

¹⁵N in the number of m₁ may be linked to a neighboring carbon (C) via asingle bond. A single bond is a covalent bond having a bond order of 1and is clearly distinguished from a double bond having a bond order of2.

In an embodiment, at least one C from among C linked to ¹⁵N in thenumber of m₁ via a single bond may be ¹²C. ¹²C may not include ¹³C thatis an isotope of carbon (C).

In an embodiment, at least one ¹⁵N from among ¹⁵N in the number of m₁may form a part of a cyclic group included in the first compound.

In an embodiment, at least one ¹⁵N from among ¹⁵N in the number of m₁may not form a part of a cyclic group included in the first compound.

Those skilled in the art may readily recognize that Compound 16represents an embodiment of the first compound containing a first ¹⁵Nand an second ¹⁵N, wherein the first ¹⁵N may form a part of a cyclicgroup included in the first compound and the second ¹⁵N may not form apart of cyclic group included in the first compound.

In an embodiment, the first compound may further include ¹⁴N in thenumber of m₂, ¹⁴N in the number of m₂ may be linked to a neighboringcarbon (C) via a single bond, and m₂ may be an in integer equal to orgreater than 1.

In an embodiment, at least one ¹⁴N from among ¹⁴N in the number of m₂may form a part of a cyclic group included in the first compound.

In an embodiment, at least one ¹⁴N from among ¹⁴N in the number of m₂may not form a part of a cyclic group included in the first compound.

Those skilled in the art may readily recognize that Compound 8represents an embodiment of the first compound containing ¹⁵N and ¹⁴N,wherein the ¹⁴N may not form a part of a cyclic group included in thefirst compound. Those skilled in the art may readily recognize thatCompound 11 represents an embodiment of the first compound containing¹⁵N and ¹⁴N, wherein the ¹⁴N may form a part of cyclic group included inthe first compound.

In an embodiment, the first compound may include two or more N(s), andwhen two N(s) from among the two or more N(s) are linked to aheteroatom-free group, at least one of the two N(s) may be ¹⁵N. Theheteroatom-free group refers to a group consisting of C and H.

In an embodiment, the heteroatom-free group may be a carbocyclic groupsuch as a benzene group or a naphthalene group, but embodiments of thedisclosure are not limited thereto.

In an embodiment, the first compound may include two or more N(s), thetwo or more N(s) may each form a first cyclic group and a second cyclicgroup, and when the first cyclic group and the second cyclic group forma condensed ring with each other, at least one of the two or more N(s)may be ¹⁵N.

In an embodiment, the first compound may be Compound 22, but embodimentsof the disclosure are not limited thereto.

In the first compound, m₁ may be an integer equal to or greater than 1.

In an embodiment, m₁ may be an integer from 1 to 10.

In an embodiment, m₁ may be an integer from 1 to 6.

The first compound may not be Compound A.

In an embodiment, each N included in the first compound may be ¹⁵N.

In an embodiment, the first compound may not include ¹⁴N.

In an embodiment, the first compound may further include O, S, Si, P, B,or any combination thereof.

In an embodiment, the first compound may include O, S, Si, or anycombination thereof, but embodiments of the disclosure are not limitedthereto.

In an embodiment, the first compound may be represented by one ofFormulae 1, 1-1, 2, 2-1, and 3:

In Formulae 1, 1-1, 2, 2-1, and 3,

Y₂₁ may be O, S, Se, C(Z₂₁a)(Z₂₁b), Si(Z₂₁a)(Z₂₁b), or N*(Z₂₁a),

Y₃₁ may be O, S, Se, C(Z₃₁a)(Z₃₁b), Si(Z₃₁a)(Z₃₁b), or N*(Z_(31a)), and

Y₃₂ may be O, S, Se, C(Z₃₂a)(Z₃₂b), Si(Z₃₂a)(Z₃₂b), or N*(Z₃₂a).

In an embodiment, Y₂₁ may be O, S, C(Z₂₁a)(Z₂₁b), or N*(Z₂₁a),

Y₃₁ may be O, S, C(Z₃₁a)(Z₃₁b), or N*(Z_(31a)), and

Y₃₂ may be O, S, C(Z₃₂a)(Z₃₂b), or N*(Z₃₂a), but embodiments of thedisclosure are not limited thereto.

In Formulae 1, 1-1, 2, 2-1, and 3, N* may be ¹⁴N or ¹⁵N, and at leastone N* may be ¹⁵N.

In Formulae 1, 1-1, 2, 2-1, and 3, b21, b31, and b32 may eachindependently be an integer from 0 to 3.

In Formulae 1, 1-1, 2, 2-1, and 3, Ar₁₁ to Ar₁₄, Ar₂₁, Ar₂₂, and Ar₂₄may each independently be a C₃-C₆₀ carbocyclic group unsubstituted orsubstituted with at least one R_(10a) or a C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic groupunsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_(10a).

In an embodiment, Ar₁₁ to Ar₁₅, Ar₂₁, Ar₂₂, and Ar₂₄ may eachindependently be a benzene group, a naphthalene group, an anthracenegroup, a phenanthrene group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene group, achrysene group, a cyclopentadiene group, a 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalenegroup, a thiophene group, a furan group, a pyrrole group, an indolegroup, an indene group, a benzosilole group, a benzothiophene group, abenzofuran group, a carbazole group, a fluorene group, a spirobifluorenegroup, a dibenzosilole group, a dibenzothiophene group, a dibenzofurangroup, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, apyridazine group, a triazine group, a quinoline group, an isoquinolinegroup, a quinoxaline group, a quinazoline group, a phenanthroline group,a pyrazole group, an imidazole group, a triazole group, an oxazolegroup, an isoxazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, anoxadiazole group, a thiadiazole group, a benzopyrazole group, abenzimidazole group, a benzoxazole group, a benzothiazole group, abenzoxadiazole group, a benzothiadiazole group, a5,6,7,8-tetrahydroisoquinoline group, a 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinolinegroup, or a dithiine group.

In an embodiment, Ar₁₁ to Ar₁₅, Ar₂₁, Ar₂₂, and Ar₂₄ may eachindependently be a benzene group, a naphthalene group, an indole group,a carbazole group, a fluorene group, a spirobifluorene group, adibenzofuran group, or a dithiine group.

In Formulae 1, 1-1, 2, 2-1, and 3, ring A₂₁, A₂₂, and A₃₁ to A₃₄ mayeach independently be a C₃-C₆₀ carbocyclic group unsubstituted orsubstituted with at least one R_(10a) or a C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic groupunsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_(10a).

In an embodiment, ring A₂₁, A₂₂, and A₃₁ to A₃₄ may each independentlybe a benzene group, a naphthalene group, an anthracene group, aphenanthrene group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysenegroup, a cyclopentadiene group, a 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene group, athiophene group, a furan group, a pyrrole group, an indole group, anindene group, a benzosilole group, a benzothiophene group, a benzofurangroup, a carbazole group, a fluorene group, a spirobifluorene group, adibenzosilole group, a dibenzothiophene group, a dibenzofuran group, apyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazinegroup, a triazine group, a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group, aquinoxaline group, a quinazoline group, a phenanthroline group, apyrazole group, an imidazole group, a triazole group, an oxazole group,an isoxazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, anoxadiazole group, a thiadiazole group, a benzopyrazole group, abenzimidazole group, a benzoxazole group, a benzothiazole group, abenzoxadiazole group, a benzothiadiazole group, a5,6,7,8-tetrahydroisoquinoline group, a 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinolinegroup, or a dithiine group.

In an embodiment, ring A₂₁, A₂₂, and A₃₁ to A₃₄ may each independentlybe a benzene group, a naphthalene group, an indole group, a carbazolegroup, a fluorene group, a spirobifluorene group, a dibenzofuran group,or a dithiine group.

In Formulae 1, 1-1, 2, 2-1, and 3, L₁₀, L₂₀, and L₃₀ may eachindependently be *—O—′, *—S—′, *—N*(Ar₁₅)—*′, a C₃-C₆₀ carbocyclic groupunsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_(10a), or a C₁-C₆₀heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least oneR_(10a)

In Formulae 1, 1-1, 2, 2-1, and 3, Ar₁₅ may be the same as described inconnection with Ar₁₁ in the specification.

In Formulae 1, 1-1, 2, 2-1, and 3, L₁₁ to L₁₄ and L₂₁ to L₂₄ may eachindependently be a C₃-C₆₀ carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substitutedwith at least one R_(10a) or a C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group unsubstitutedor substituted with at least one R_(10a).

In an embodiment, L₁₀ to L₁₄, L₂₀ to L₂₄, and L₃₀ may each independentlybe a benzene group, a naphthalene group, an anthracene group, aphenanthrene group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysenegroup, a cyclopentadiene group, a 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene group, athiophene group, a furan group, a pyrrole group, an indole group, anindene group, a benzosilole group, a benzothiophene group, a benzofurangroup, a carbazole group, a fluorene group, a dibenzosilole group, adibenzothiophene group, a dibenzofuran group, a pyridine group, apyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a triazinegroup, a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group, a quinoxaline group, aquinazoline group, a phenanthroline group, a pyrazole group, animidazole group, a triazole group, an oxazole group, an isoxazole group,a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, an oxadiazole group, athiadiazole group, a benzopyrazole group, a benzimidazole group, abenzoxazole group, a benzothiazole group, a benzoxadiazole group, abenzothiadiazole group, a 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroisoquinoline group, or a5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinoline group.

In an embodiment, L₁₀ to L₁₄, L₂₀ to L₂₄, and L₃₀ may each independentlybe a benzene group or a naphthalene group, but embodiments of thedisclosure are not limited thereto.

In Formulae 1, 1-1, 2, 2-1, and 3, a11 to a14 and a21 to a24 may eachindependently be an integer from 0 to 10.

In an embodiment, a11 to a14 and a21 to a24 may each independently be aninteger from 0 to 5, but embodiments of the disclosure are not limitedthereto.

In Formulae 1, 1-1, 2, 2-1, and 3, a10, a20, and a30 may eachindependently be an integer from 1 to 5.

In Formulae 1, 1-1, 2, 2-1, and 3, R₂₁, R₂₂, R₃₁ to R₃₄, Z₂₁a, Z₂₁b,Z₃₁a, Z₃₁b, Z₃₂a, and Z₃₂ b may each independently be hydrogen,deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitrogroup, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at leastone R_(10a), a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group unsubstituted or substituted with atleast one R_(10a), a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group unsubstituted or substitutedwith at least one R_(10a), a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group unsubstituted orsubstituted with at least one R_(10a), a C₃-C₆₀ carbocyclic groupunsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_(10a), a C₁-C₆₀heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least oneR_(10a), a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group unsubstituted or substituted with atleast one R_(10a), a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group unsubstituted or substitutedwith at least one R_(10a), —Si(Q₁)(Q₂)(Q₃), —N*(Q₁)(Q₂), —B(Q₁)(Q₂),—C(═O)(Q₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₁), or —P(═O)(Q₁)(Q₂).

In an embodiment, R₂₁, R₂₂, R₃₁ to R₃₄, Z₂₁a, Z₂₁b, Z₃₁a, Z₃₁b, Z₃₂a,and Z₃₂ b may each independently be:

hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group,or a nitro group;

a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₂₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₂₀ alkynyl group, orC₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium,—F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —CD₃, —CD₂H, —CDH₂, —CF₃, —CF₂H, —CFH₂, a hydroxylgroup, a cyano group, a nitro group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexylgroup, a cycloheptyl group, a cycloctyl group, an adamantanyl group, anorbornanyl group, a norbornenyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, acyclohexenyl group, a cycloheptenyl group, a phenyl group, a naphthylgroup, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃),—N*(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —B(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —C(═O)(Q₃₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₃₁),—P(═O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), or any combination thereof;

a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, acycloctyl group, an adamantanyl group, a norbornanyl group, anorbornenyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, acycloheptenyl group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenylgroup, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenylgroup, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, apyrrolyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, an imidazolylgroup, a pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, anoxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrazinylgroup, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, an isoindolyl group, anindolyl group, an indazolyl group, a purinyl group, a quinolinyl group,an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, aquinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a carbazolyl group, aphenanthrolinyl group, a benzimidazolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, abenzothiophenyl group, a benzoisothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group,a benzoisoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, anoxadiazolyl group, a triazinyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, adibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolylgroup, an imidazopyridinyl group, and an imidazopyrimidinyl group, eachunsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —CD₃,—CD₂H, —CDH₂, —CF₃, —CF₂H, —CFH₂, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, anitro group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₂₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₂₀alkynyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexylgroup, a cycloheptyl group, a cycloctyl group, an adamantanyl group, anorbornanyl group, a norbornenyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, acyclohexenyl group, a cycloheptenyl group, a phenyl group, a naphthylgroup, a fluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, afluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenylgroup, a pyrrolyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, animidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolylgroup, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a pyridinyl group, apyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, an isoindolylgroup, an indolyl group, an indazolyl group, a purinyl group, aquinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinyl group, aquinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, acarbazolyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a benzimidazolyl group, abenzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a benzoisothiazolyl group,a benzoxazolyl group, a benzoisoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, atetrazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a triazinyl group, adibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolylgroup, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, an imidazopyridinyl group, animidazopyrimidinyl group, —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —N*(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂),—B(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —C(═O)(Q₃₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₃₁), —P(═O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), or anycombination thereof; or

—B(Q₁)(Q₂), —P(Q₁)(Q₂), —N*(Q₁)(Q₂), or —C(═O)(Q₁).

In Formulae 1, 1-1, 2, 2-1, and 3, c21, c22, and c31 to c34 may eachindependently be an integer from 0 to 10.

In Formulae 1, 1-1, 2, 2-1, and 3, n may be an integer from 1 to 5.

In Formulae 1, 1-1, 2, 2-1, and 3, R_(10a) may be: deuterium (-D), —F,—Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, or a nitro group;

a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, ora C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium,—F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, aC₃-C₆₀ carbocyclic group, a C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxygroup, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, —Si(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂)(Q₁₃), —N*(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂),—B(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂), —C(═O)(Q₁₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₁₁), —P(═O)(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂), or anycombination thereof;

a C₃-C₆₀ carbocyclic group, a C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group, a C₆-C₆₀aryloxy group, or a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, each unsubstituted orsubstituted with deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyanogroup, a nitro group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, aC₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a C₃-C₆₀ carbocyclic group,a C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthiogroup, —Si(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂)(Q₂₃), —N*(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂), —B(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂), —C(═O)(Q₂₁),—S(═O)₂(Q₂₁), —P(═O)(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂), or any combination thereof; or

—Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —N*(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —B(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —C(═O)(Q₃₁),—S(═O)₂(Q₃₁), or —P(═O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂).

In Formulae 1, 1-1, 2, 2-1, and 3, Q₁ to Q₃, Q₁₁ to Q₁₃, Q₂₁ to Q₂₃, andQ₃₁ to Q₃₃ may each independently be: hydrogen; deuterium; —F; —Cl; —Br;—I; a hydroxyl group; a cyano group; a nitro group; a C₁-C₆₀ alkylgroup; a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group; a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group; a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxygroup; or a C₃-C₆₀ carbocyclic group or a C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group,each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, —F, a cyano group, aC₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenylgroup, or any combination thereof.

In Formulae 1, 1-1, 2, 2-1, and 3, when a heteroatom included in theC₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group is a nitrogen atom, the nitrogen atom may be¹⁴N or ¹⁵N,

a nitrogen atom included in the cyano group or the nitro group may be¹⁴N or ¹⁵N, and

N* may be ¹⁴N or ¹⁵N.

In an embodiment, the hole transport region may include two or morefirst compounds that are different from each other.

In an embodiment, the hole transport region may include a first layer,and a second layer between the first layer and the emission layer, thefirst layer and the second layer may each include the at least one firstcompound, and a first compound included in the first layer may bedifferent from a first compound included in the second layer.

In an embodiment, the first layer and the second layer may eachindependently be a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, anemission auxiliary layer, an electron blocking layer, or any combinationthereof.

In an embodiment, a first compound included in the first layer mayinclude ¹⁵N in the number of m₁₁, a first compound included in thesecond layer may include ¹⁵N in the number of m₁₂, and m₁₁ may begreater than m₁₂.

In an embodiment, a first compound included in the first layer mayinclude ¹⁴N in the number of m₂₁, a first compound included in thesecond layer may include ¹⁴N in the number of m₂₂, and m₂₁ may beidentical to m₂₂.

In an embodiment,

the hole transport region may include at least one of a first compoundselected from Compounds 1 to 24:

A first compound included in the light-emitting device may increasestability of a ¹⁵N—C single bond by substituting a nitrogen atom with¹⁵N (an isotope of nitrogen) heavier than general ¹⁴N. ¹⁵N may reduceintramolecular vibration energy, and accordingly, energy dissipated asvibration energy may decrease, and efficiency may increase. A C—N singlebond of materials having hole transport characteristics is weak, andthus stability of the C—N single bond is known to determine stability ofa molecule as a whole and have a great influence on lifespan of adevice. Because ¹⁵N in the number of m₁ is linked to a neighboringcarbon (C) via a single bond, a first compound of the disclosure mayhave increased stability of a C—N bond due to substitution with ¹⁵N, andthus the device may have an increased lifespan. Therefore, the firstcompound may be used as a material for a hole transport region that hasexcellent efficiency and excellent stability, and an electronic device,for example, an organic light-emitting device, including the firstcompound may have excellent light-emission efficiency and long lifespan.

At least one of the first compound may be used in a light-emittingdevice (for example, an organic light-emitting device). Accordingly,provided is a light-emitting device including: a first electrode; asecond electrode facing the first electrode; and an interlayer betweenthe first electrode and the second electrode, wherein the interlayerincludes an emission layer and a hole transport region between theemission layer and the first electrode, and the hole transport regionincludes at least one first compound as described in the specification.

In an embodiment, the first electrode of the light-emitting device maybe an anode, the second electrode of the light-emitting device may be acathode, the interlayer may further include an electron transport regionbetween the emission layer and the second electrode,

the hole transport region may include a hole injection layer, a holetransport layer, an emission auxiliary layer, an electron blockinglayer, or any combination thereof, and

the electron transport region may include a hole blocking layer, anelectron transport layer, an electron injection layer, or anycombination thereof.

In an embodiment, at least one of the hole transport region and theemission layer may include an arylamine-containing compound, anacridine-containing compound, a carbazole-containing compound, or anycombination thereof, or

at least one of the emission layer and the electron transport region mayinclude a silicon-containing compound, a phosphine oxide-containingcompound, a sulfur oxide-containing compound, a phosphorusoxide-containing compound, a triazine-containing compound, apyrimidine-containing compound, a pyridine-containing compound, adibenzofuran-containing compound, a dibenzothiophene-containingcompound, or any combination thereof.

In an embodiment, the light-emitting device may include: a first cappinglayer disposed outside the first electrode; a second capping layerdisposed outside the second electrode; or the first capping layer andthe second capping layer.

In embodiments, at least one of the first capping layer and the secondcapping layer may each independently include a carbocyclic compound, aheterocyclic compound, an amine group-containing compound, a porphinederivative, a phthalocyanine derivative, a naphthalocyanine derivative,an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth-metal complex, or anycombination thereof.

According to another aspect, provided is a light-emitting deviceincluding: a first electrode; a second electrode facing the firstelectrode; an interlayer between the first electrode and the secondelectrode; and a second capping layer disposed outside the secondelectrode and having a refractive index of equal to or greater thanabout 1.6, wherein the interlayer may include an emission layer and ahole transport region between the emission layer and the firstelectrode, and the hole transport region may include a first compound asdescribed above.

In an embodiment, an encapsulation portion may be arranged on the secondcapping layer.

In an embodiment, the encapsulation portion may include: an inorganicfilm including silicon nitride (SiN_(x)), silicon oxide (SiO_(x)),indium tin oxide, indium zinc oxide, or any combination thereof; anorganic film including polyethylene terephthalate,polyethylenenaphthelate, polycarbonate, polyimide, polyethylenesulfonate, polyoxymethylene, polyarylate, hexamethyldisiloxane,acryl-based resin, epoxy-based resin, or any combination thereof; or acombination of the inorganic film and the organic film.

In embodiments, the first compound may be included between a pair ofelectrodes of the light-emitting device. Accordingly, the first compoundmay be included in the interlayer of the light-emitting device, forexample, the hole transport region of the interlayer.

In an embodiment, the emission layer in the interlayer of thelight-emitting device may include a dopant and a host, and the firstcompound may be included in the host. In other words, the first compoundmay act as a host. The emission layer may emit red light, green light,blue light, and/or white light. For example, the emission layer may emitblue light. The blue light may have a maximum luminescence wavelength ina range of, for example, about 400 nm to about 500 nm.

In an embodiment, the emission layer may include a first emission layer,a second emission layer, and a third emission layer having differentemission colors, the hole transport region may include a first emissionauxiliary layer between the first electrode and the first emissionlayer, a second emission auxiliary layer between the first electrode andthe second emission layer, and a third emission auxiliary layer betweenthe first electrode and the third emission layer, and at least one ofthe first emission auxiliary layer, the second emission auxiliary layer,and the third emission auxiliary layer may include the first compound.

In an embodiment, the light-emitting device may further include at leastone of a first capping layer disposed outside the first electrode and asecond capping layer disposed outside the second electrode, and thefirst compound may be included in at least one of the first cappinglayer and the second capping layer. More details on the first cappinglayer and/or the second capping layer are the same as described in thespecification.

In an embodiment, the light-emitting device may include: a first cappinglayer disposed outside the first electrode and including the firstcompound; a second capping layer disposed outside the second electrodeand including the first compound; or the first capping layer and thesecond capping layer.

The expression “(an interlayer) includes at least one first compound” asused herein may include a case in which “(an interlayer) includes onetype of a compound corresponding to the first compound” and a case inwhich “(an interlayer) includes two or more different compoundscorresponding to the first compound.”

In an embodiment, the interlayer may include, as the first compound,only Compound 1. In this embodiment, Compound 1 may be included in thehole transport region of the light-emitting device. In embodiments, theinterlayer may include, as the first compound, Compound 1 and Compound2. In this regard, Compound 1 and Compound 2 may exist in an identicallayer (for example, Compound 1 and Compound 2 may all exist in a holetransport region), or different layers (for example, Compound 1 mayexist in an emission layer, and Compound 2 may exist in a hole transportregion).

The term “interlayer” as used herein refers to a single layer or alllayers located between the first electrode and the second electrode ofthe light-emitting device.

According to another aspect, an electronic apparatus including thelight-emitting device is provided. The electronic apparatus may furtherinclude a thin-film transistor. In embodiments, the electronic apparatusmay further include a thin-film transistor including a source electrodeand a drain electrode, and the first electrode of the light-emittingdevice may be electrically connected to the source electrode or thedrain electrode. In an embodiment, the electronic apparatus may furtherinclude a color filter, a color conversion layer, a touch screen layer,a polarizing layer, or any combination thereof. More details on theelectronic apparatus are the same as described in the specification.

[Description of FIG. 1]

FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a light-emitting device 10according to an embodiment. The light-emitting device 10 includes afirst electrode 110, an interlayer 130, and a second electrode 150.

Hereinafter, a structure of the light-emitting device 10 according to anembodiment and a method of manufacturing the light-emitting device 10will be described in connection with FIG. 1.

[First Electrode 110]

In FIG. 1, a substrate may be additionally disposed under the firstelectrode 110 or above the second electrode 150. The substrate may be aglass substrate or a plastic substrate. The substrate may be a flexiblesubstrate. In embodiments, the substrate may include plastics withexcellent heat resistance and durability, such as polyimide,polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polycarbonate, polyethylenenaphthalate, polyarylate (PAR), polyetherimide, or any combinationthereof.

The first electrode 110 may be formed by, for example, depositing orsputtering a material for forming the first electrode 110 on thesubstrate. When the first electrode 110 is an anode, a high workfunction material that can easily inject holes may be used as a materialfor forming the first electrode 110.

The first electrode 110 may be a reflective electrode, asemi-transmissive electrode, or a transmissive electrode. When the firstelectrode 110 is a transmissive electrode, a material for forming thefirst electrode 110 may include indium tin oxide (ITO), indium zincoxide (IZO), tin oxide (SnO₂), zinc oxide (ZnO), or any combinationthereof. In embodiments, when the first electrode 110 is asemi-transmissive electrode or a reflective electrode, magnesium (Mg),silver (Ag), aluminum (Al), aluminum-lithium (Al—Li), calcium (Ca),magnesium-indium (Mg—In), magnesium-silver (Mg—Ag), or any combinationthereof may be used as a material for forming the first electrode 110.

The first electrode 110 may have a single-layered structure consistingof a single layer or a multi-layered structure including multiplelayers. In an embodiment, the first electrode 110 may have athree-layered structure of ITO/Ag/ITO.

[Interlayer 130]

The interlayer 130 is located on the first electrode 110. The interlayer130 includes an emission layer.

The interlayer 130 may further include a hole transport region disposedbetween the first electrode 110 and the emission layer and an electrontransport region disposed between the emission layer and the secondelectrode 150.

The interlayer 130 may further include metal-containing compounds suchas organometallic compounds, inorganic materials such as quantum dots,and the like, in addition to various organic materials.

In embodiments, the interlayer 130 may include, i) two or more emittingunits sequentially stacked between the first electrode 110 and thesecond electrode 150 and ii) at least one charge generation layerlocated between adjacent ones of the emitting units. When the interlayer130 includes the emitting units and the at least one charge generationlayer as described above, the light-emitting device 10 may be a tandemlight-emitting device.

[Hole Transport Region in Interlayer 130]

The hole transport region may have i) a single-layered structureconsisting of a single layer consisting of a single material, ii) asingle-layered structure consisting of a single layer includingdifferent materials, or iii) a multi-layered structure includingmultiple layers including different materials.

The hole transport region may include a hole injection layer, a holetransport layer, an emission auxiliary layer, an electron blockinglayer, or any combination thereof.

For example, the hole transport region may have a multi-layeredstructure including a hole injection layer/hole transport layerstructure, a hole injection layer/hole transport layer/emissionauxiliary layer structure, a hole injection layer/emission auxiliarylayer structure, a hole transport layer/emission auxiliary layerstructure, or a hole injection layer/hole transport layer/electronblocking layer structure, wherein, in each structure, layers are stackedsequentially from the first electrode 110.

The hole transport region may include a compound represented by Formula201, a compound represented by Formula 202, or any combination thereof:

In Formulae 201 and 202,

L₂₀₁ to L₂₀₄ may each independently be a C₃-C₆₀ carbocyclic groupunsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_(10a) or a C₁-C₆₀heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least oneR_(10a),

L₂₀₅ may be *—O—*′, *—S—*′, *—N(Q₂₀₁)—*′, a C₁-C₂₀ alkylene groupunsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_(10a), a C₂-C₂₀alkenylene group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_(10a),a C₃-C₆₀ carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at leastone R_(10a), or a C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substitutedwith at least one R_(10a),

xa1 to xa4 may each independently be an integer from 0 to 5,

xa5 may be an integer from 1 to 10,

R₂₀₁ to R₂₀₄ and Q₂₀₁ may each independently be a C₁-C₆₀ carbocyclicgroup unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_(10a) or a C₁-C₆₀heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least oneR_(10a),

R₂₀₁ and R₂₀₂ may optionally be linked to each other via a single bond,a C₁-C₅ alkylene group unsubstituted or substituted with at least oneR_(10a), or a C₂-C₅ alkenylene group unsubstituted or substituted withat least one R_(10a), to form a C₅-C₆₀ polycyclic group unsubstituted orsubstituted with at least one R_(10a) (for example, a carbazole group)(for example, see Compound HT16 or the like),

R₂₀₃ and R₂₀₄ may optionally be linked to each other via a single bond,a C₁-C₅ alkylene group unsubstituted or substituted with at least oneR_(10a), or a C₂-C₅ alkenylene group unsubstituted or substituted withat least one R_(10a), to form a C₅-C₆₀ polycyclic group unsubstituted orsubstituted with at least one R_(10a), and

na1 may be an integer from 1 to 4.

In an embodiment, Formulae 201 and 202 may each include at least one ofthe groups represented by Formulae CY201 to CY217:

Regarding Formulae CY201 to CY217, R_(10b) and R_(10c) are the same asdescribed in connection with R_(10a), ring CY201 to ring CY204 may eachindependently be a C₃-C₂₀ carbocyclic group or a C₁-C₂₀ heterocyclicgroup, and at least one hydrogen in Formula CY201 to CY217 may beunsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_(10a) described herein.

In an embodiment, ring CY201 to ring CY204 in Formulae CY201 to CY217may each independently be a benzene group, a naphthalene group, aphenanthrene group, or an anthracene group.

In an embodiment, Formulae 201 and 202 may each include at least one ofthe groups represented by Formulae CY201 to CY203.

In an embodiment, Formula 201 may include at least one of the groupsrepresented by Formulae CY201 to CY203 and at least one of the groupsrepresented by Formulae CY204 to CY217.

In embodiments, in Formula 201, xa1 is 1, R₂₀₁ is a group represented byone of Formulae CY201 to CY203, xa2 is 0, and R₂₀₂ is a grouprepresented by one of Formulae CY204 to CY207.

In embodiments, each of Formulae 201 and 202 may not include groupsrepresented by Formulae CY201 to CY203.

In embodiments, each of Formulae 201 and 202 may not include groupsrepresented by Formulae CY201 to CY203 and may include at least one ofthe groups represented by Formulae CY204 to CY217.

In an embodiment, each of Formulae 201 and 202 may not include groupsrepresented by Formulae CY201 to CY217.

For example, the hole transport region may include one of followingCompounds HT1 to HT45, m-MTDATA, TDATA, 2-TNATA, NPB(NPD), β-NPB, TPD,spiro-TPD, spiro-NPB, methylated-NPB, TAPC, HMTPD, 4,4′,4″-tris(N-carbazolyl)triphenylamine (TCTA),polyaniline/dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (PANI/DBSA),poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT/PSS),polyaniline/camphor sulfonic acid (PANI/CSA),polyaniline/poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PANI/PSS), or any combinationthereof:

A thickness of the hole transport region may be in a range of about 50 Åto about 10,000 Å. For example, the thickness of the hole transportregion may be in a range of about 100 Å to about 4,000 Å. When the holetransport region includes a hole injection layer, a hole transportlayer, or any combination thereof, a thickness of the hole injectionlayer may be in a range of about 100 Å to about 9,000 Å, and a thicknessof the hole transport layer may be in a range of about 50 Å to about2,000 Å. For example, the thickness of the hole injection layer may bein a range of about 100 Å to about 1,000 Å. For example, the thicknessof the hole transport layer may be in a range of about 100 Å to about1,500 Å. When the thicknesses of the hole transport region, the holeinjection layer, and the hole transport layer are within these ranges,satisfactory hole transporting characteristics may be obtained without asubstantial increase in driving voltage.

The emission auxiliary layer may increase light-emission efficiency bycompensating for an optical resonance distance according to thewavelength of light emitted by an emission layer, and the electronblocking layer may block the flow of electrons from an electrontransport region. The emission auxiliary layer and the electron blockinglayer may include the materials as described above.

[p-Dopant]

The hole transport region may further include, in addition to thesematerials, a charge-generating material for the improvement ofconductive properties. The charge-generating material may be uniformlyor non-uniformly dispersed in the hole transport region (for example, inthe form of a single layer of a charge-generating material).

The charge-generating material may be, for example, a p-dopant.

In an embodiment, a lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energylevel of the p-dopant may be equal to or less than about −3.5 eV.

In an embodiment, the p-dopant may include a quinone derivative, a cyanogroup-containing compound, a compound containing element EL1 and elementEL2, or any combination thereof.

Examples of the quinone derivative may include TCNQ and F4-TCNQ.

Examples of the cyano group-containing compound may include HAT-CN and acompound represented by Formula 221 below.

In Formula 221,

R₂₂₁ to R₂₂₃ may each independently be a C₁-C₆₀ carbocyclic groupunsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_(10a) or a C₁-C₆₀heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least oneR_(10a),

at least one of R₂₂₁ to R₂₂₃ may each independently be a C₃-C₆₀carbocyclic group or a C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group, each substituted with:a cyano group; —F; —Cl; —Br; —I; a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group substituted with acyano group, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, or any combination thereof; or anycombination thereof.

Regarding the compound containing element EL1 and element EL2, elementEL1 may be metal, metalloid, or a combination thereof, and element EL2may be a non-metal, metalloid, or a combination thereof.

Examples of the metal may include: an alkali metal (for example, lithium(Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), cesium (Cs), or thelike); an alkaline earth metal (for example, beryllium (Be), magnesium(Mg), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), or the like); atransition metal (for example, titanium (Ti), zirconium (Zr), hafnium(Hf), vanadium (V), niobium (Nb), tantalum (Ta), chromium (Cr),molybdenum (Mo), tungsten (W), manganese (Mn), technetium (Tc), rhenium(Re), iron (Fe), ruthenium (Ru), osmium (Os), cobalt (Co), rhodium (Rh),iridium (Ir), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), copper(Cu),silver (Ag), gold (Au), or the like); a post-transition metal (forexample, zinc (Zn), indium (In), tin (Sn), or the like); and alanthanide metal (for example, lanthanum (La), cerium (Ce), praseodymium(Pr), neodymium (Nd), promethium (Pm), samarium (Sm), europium (Eu),gadolinium (Gd), terbium (Tb), dysprosium (Dy), holmium (Ho), erbium(Er), thulium (Tm), ytterbium (Yb), lutetium (Lu), or the like).

Examples of the metalloid may include silicon (Si), antimony (Sb), andtellurium (Te).

Examples of the non-metal may include oxygen (O) and halogen (forexample, F, Cl, Br, I, etc.).

In an embodiment, examples of the compound containing element EL1 andelement EL2 may include metal oxide, metal halide (for example, metalfluoride, metal chloride, metal bromide, or metal iodide), metalloidhalide (for example, metalloid fluoride, metalloid chloride, metalloidbromide, or metalloid iodide), metal telluride, or any combinationthereof.

Examples of the metal oxide may include tungsten oxide (for example, WO,W₂O₃, WO₂, WO₃, or W₂O₅), vanadium oxide (for example, VO, V₂O₃, VO₂, orV₂O₅), molybdenum oxide (for example, MoO, Mo₂O₃, MoO₂, MoO₃, or Mo₂O₅),and rhenium oxide (for example, ReO₃).

Examples of the metal halide may include alkali metal halide, alkalineearth metal halide, transition metal halide, post-transition metalhalide, and lanthanide metal halide.

Examples of the alkali metal halide may include LiF, NaF, KF, RbF, CsF,LiCl, NaCl, KCl, RbCl, CsCl, LiBr, NaBr, KBr, RbBr, CsBr, LiI, NaI, KI,RbI, and CsI.

Examples of the alkaline earth metal halide may include BeF₂, MgF₂,CaF₂, SrF₂, BaF₂, BeCl₂, MgCl₂, CaCl₂, SrCl₂, BaCl₂, BeBr₂, MgBr₂,CaBr₂, SrBr₂, BaBr₂, BeI₂, MgI₂, CaI₂, SrI₂, and BaI₂.

Examples of the transition metal halide may include titanium halide (forexample, TiF₄, TiCl₄, TiBr₄, or TiI₄), zirconium halide (for example,ZrF₄, ZrCl₄, ZrBr₄, or ZrI₄), hafnium halide (for example, HfF₄, HfCl₄,HfBr₄, or HfI₄), vanadium halide (for example, VF₃, VCl₃, VBr₃, or VI₃),niobium halide (for example, NbF₃, NbCl₃, NbBr₃, or NbI₃), tantalumhalide (for example, TaF₃, TaCl₃, TaBr₃, or TaI₃), chromium halide (forexample, CrF₃, CrCl₃, CrBr₃, or CrI₃), molybdenum halide (for example,MoF₃, MoCl₃, MoBr₃, or Mob), tungsten halide (for example, WF₃, WCl₃,WBr₃, or WI₃), manganese halide (for example, MnF₂, MnCl₂, MnBr₂, orMnI₂), technetium halide (for example, TcF₂, TcCl₂, TcBr₂, or TcI₂),rhenium halide (for example, ReF₂, ReCl₂, ReBr₂, or ReI₂), iron halide(for example, FeF₂, FeCl₂, FeBr₂, or FeI₂), ruthenium halide (forexample, RuF₂, RuCl₂, RuBr₂, or RuI₂), osmium halide (for example, OsF₂,OsCl₂, OsBr₂, or OsI₂), cobalt halide (for example, CoF₂, CoCl₂, CoBr₂,or CoI₂), rhodium halide (for example, RhF₂, RhCl₂, RhBr₂, or RhI₂),iridium halide (for example, IrF₂, IrCl₂, IrBr₂, or IrI₂), nickel halide(for example, NiF₂, NiCl₂, NiBr₂, or NiI₂), palladium halide (forexample, PdF₂, PdCl₂, PdBr₂, or PdI₂), platinum halide (for example,PtF₂, PtCl₂, PtBr₂, or PtI₂), copper halide (for example, CuF, CuCl,CuBr, or CuI), silver halide (for example, AgF, AgCl, AgBr, or AgI), andgold halide (for example, AuF, AuCl, AuBr, or AuI).

Examples of the post-transition metal halide may include zinc halide(for example, ZnF₂, ZnCl₂, ZnBr₂, or ZnI₂), indium halide (for example,InI₃), and tin halide (for example, SnI₂).

Examples of the lanthanide metal halide may include YbF, YbF₂, YbF₃,SmF₃, YbCl, YbCl₂, YbCl₃ SmCl₃, YbBr, YbBr₂, YbBr₃, SmBr₃, YbI, YbI₂,YbI₃, and SmI₃.

Examples of the metalloid halide may include antimony halide (forexample, SbCl₅).

Examples of the metal telluride may include an alkali metal telluride(for example, Li₂Te, Na₂Te, K₂Te, Rb₂Te, or Cs₂Te), alkaline earth metaltelluride (for example, BeTe, MgTe, CaTe, SrTe, or BaTe), transitionmetal telluride (for example, TiTe₂, ZrTe₂, HfTe₂, V₂Te₃, Nb₂Te₃,Ta₂Te₃, Cr₂Te₃, Mo₂Te₃, W₂Te₃, MnTe, TcTe, ReTe, FeTe, RuTe, OsTe, CoTe,RhTe, IrTe, NiTe, PdTe, PtTe, Cu₂Te, CuTe, Ag₂Te, AgTe, or Au₂Te),post-transition metal telluride (for example, ZnTe), and lanthanidemetal telluride (for example, LaTe, CeTe, PrTe, NdTe, PmTe, EuTe, GdTe,TbTe, DyTe, HoTe, ErTe, TmTe, YbTe, or LuTe).

[Emission Layer in Interlayer 130]

When the light-emitting device 10 is a full-color light-emitting device,the emission layer may be patterned into a red emission layer, a greenemission layer, and/or a blue emission layer, according to a sub-pixel.In embodiments, the emission layer may have a stacked structure of twoor more layers of a red emission layer, a green emission layer, and ablue emission layer, in which the two or more layers contact each otheror are separated from each other to emit white light. In embodiments,the emission layer may include two or more materials of a redlight-emitting material, a green light-emitting material, and a bluelight-emitting material, in which the two or more materials are mixedwith each other in a single layer to emit white light.

The emission layer may include a host and a dopant. The dopant mayinclude a phosphorescent dopant, a fluorescent dopant, or anycombination thereof.

The amount of the dopant in the emission layer may be in a range ofabout 0.01 to about 15 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight ofthe host.

In embodiments, the emission layer may include a quantum dot.

The emission layer may include a delayed fluorescence material. Thedelayed fluorescence material may act as a host or a dopant in theemission layer.

A thickness of the emission layer may be in a range of about 100 Å toabout 1,000 Å. For example, the thickness of the emission layer may bein a range of about 200 Å to about 600 Å. When the thickness of theemission layer is within this range, excellent luminescencecharacteristics may be obtained without a substantial increase indriving voltage.

[Host]

The host may include a compound represented by Formula 301 below:

[Ar₃₀₁]_(xb11)-[(L₃₀₁)_(xb1)-R₃₀₁]_(xb21)  [Formula 301]

In Formula 301,

Ar₃₀₁ and L₃₀₁ may each independently be a C₃-C₆₀ carbocyclic groupunsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_(10a) or a C₁-C₆₀heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least oneR_(10a),

xb11 may be 1, 2, or 3,

xb1 may be an integer from 0 to 5,

R₃₀₁ may be hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, acyano group, a nitro group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group unsubstituted orsubstituted with at least one R_(10a), a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl groupunsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_(10a), a C₂-C₆₀ alkynylgroup unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_(10a), a C₁-C₆₀alkoxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_(10a), aC₃-C₆₀ carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least oneR_(10a), a C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted withat least one R_(10a), —Si(Q₃₀₁)(Q₃₀₂)(Q₃₀₃), —N(Q₃₀₁)(Q₃₀₂),—B(Q₃₀₁)(Q₃₀₂), —C(═O)(Q₃₀₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₃₀₁), or —P(═O)(Q₃₀₁)(Q₃₀₂),

xb21 may be an integer from 1 to 5, and

Q₃₀₁ to Q₃₀₃ are the same as described in connection with Q₁.

In an embodiment, when xb11 in Formula 301 is 2 or more, two or more ofAr₃₀₁(s) may be linked to each other via a single bond.

In an embodiment, the host may include a compound represented by Formula301-1, a compound represented by Formula 301-2, or any combinationthereof:

In Formulae 301-1 and 301-2,

ring A₃₀₁ to ring A₃₀₄ may each independently be a C₃-C₆₀ carbocyclicgroup unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_(10a) or a C₁-C₆₀heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least oneR_(10a),

X₃₀₁ may be O, S, N-[(L₃₀₄)_(xb4)-R₃₀₄], C(R₃₀₄)(R₃₀₅), orSi(R₃₀₄)(R₃₀₅),

xb22 and xb23 may each independently be 0, 1, or 2,

L₃₀₁, xb1, and R₃₀₁ are the same as described in the specification,

L₃₀₂ to L₃₀₄ are each independently the same as described in connectionwith L₃₀₁,

xb2 to xb4 are each independently the same as described in connectionwith xb1, and

R₃₀₂ to R₃₀₅ and R₃₁₁ to R₃₁₄ are the same as described in connectionwith R₃₀₁.

In an embodiment, the host may include an alkaline earth metal complex.In an embodiment, the host may include a Be complex (for example,Compound H55), a Mg complex, a Zn complex, or any combination thereof.

In an embodiment, the host may include one of following Compounds H1 toH128, 9,10-di(2-naphthyl)anthracene (ADN),2-methyl-9,10-bis(naphthalen-2-yl)anthracene (MADN),9,10-di-(2-naphthyl)-2-t-butyl-anthracene (TBADN),4,4′-bis(N-carbazolyl)-1,1′-biphenyl (CBP), 1,3-di(carbazol-9-yl)benzene(mCP), 1,3,5-tri(carbazol-9-yl)benzene (TCP), or any combinationthereof:

[Phosphorescent Dopant]

The phosphorescent dopant may include at least one transition metal as acentral metal.

The phosphorescent dopant may include a monodentate ligand, a bidentateligand, a tridentate ligand, a tetradentate ligand, a pentadentateligand, a hexadentate ligand, or any combination thereof.

The phosphorescent dopant may be electrically neutral.

In an embodiment, the phosphorescent dopant may include anorganometallic compound represented by Formula 401:

In Formulae 401 and 402,

M may be a transition metal (for example, iridium (Ir), platinum (Pt),palladium (Pd), osmium (Os), titanium (Ti), gold (Au), hafnium (Hf),europium (Eu), terbium (Tb), rhodium (Rh), rhenium (Re), or thulium(Tm)),

L₄₀₁ may be a ligand represented by Formula 402, and xc1 may be 1, 2, or3, wherein, when xc1 is 2 or more, two or more of L₄₀₁(s) may beidentical to or different from each other,

L₄₀₂ may be an organic ligand, and xc2 may be 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4, wherein,when xc2 is 2 or more, two or more of L₄₀₂(s) may be identical to ordifferent from each other,

X₄₀₁ and X₄₀₂ may each independently be nitrogen or carbon,

ring A₄₀₁ and ring A₄₀₂ may each independently be a C₃-C₆₀ carbocyclicgroup or a C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group,

T₄₀₁ may be a single bond, *—O—*′, *—S—*′, *—C(═O)—*′, *—N(Q₄₁₁)—*′,*—C(Q₄₁₁)(Q₄₁₂)—′, *—C(Q₄₁₁)═C(Q₄₁₂)—′, *—C(Q₄₁₁)═′, or *═C═*′,

X₄₀₃ and X₄₀₄ may each independently be a chemical bond (for example, acovalent bond or a coordination bond), O, S, N(Q₄₁₃), B(Q₄₁₃), P(Q₄₁₃),C(Q₄₁₃)(Q₄₁₄), or Si(Q₄₁₃)(Q₄₁₄),

Q₄₁₁ to Q₄₁₄ are the same as described in connection with Q₁ in thespecification,

R₄₀₁ and R₄₀₂ may each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl,—Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkylgroup unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_(10a), a C₁-C₂₀alkoxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_(10a), aC₃-C₆₀ carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least oneR_(10a), a C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted withat least one R_(10a), —Si(Q₄₀₁)(Q₄₀₂)(Q₄₀₃), —N(Q₄₀₁)(Q₄₀₂),—B(Q₄₀₁)(Q₄₀₂), —C(═O)(Q₄₀₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₄₀₁), or —P(═O)(Q₄₀₁)(Q₄₀₂),

Q₄₀₁ to Q₄₀₃ are the same as described in connection with Q₁ in thespecification,

xc11 and xc12 may each independently be an integer from 0 to 10, and

* and *′ in Formula 402 each indicate a binding site to M in Formula401.

In an embodiment, in Formula 402, i) X₄₀₁ may be nitrogen, and X₄₀₂ maybe carbon, or ii) both X₄₀₁ and X₄₀₂ may be nitrogen.

In an embodiment, when xc1 in Formula 401 is 2 or more, two ring A₄₀₁(s)in two or more L₄₀₁(s) may optionally be linked to each other via T₄₀₂,which is a linking group, or two ring A₄₀₂(s) in two or more L₄₀₁(s) mayoptionally be linked to each other via T₄₀₃, which is a linking group(see Compounds PD1 to PD4 and PD7). T₄₀₂ and T₄₀₃ are the same asdescribed in connection with T₄₀₁ in the specification.

L₄₀₂ in Formula 401 may be an organic ligand. For example, L₄₀₂ mayinclude a halogen group, a diketone group (for example, anacetylacetonate group), a carboxylic acid group (for example, apicolinate group), —C(═O), a isonitrile group, a —CN group, a phosphorusgroup (for example, a phosphine group and a phosphite group), or anycombination thereof.

The phosphorescent dopant may include, for example, one of followingCompounds PD1 to PD25 or any combination thereof:

[Fluorescent Dopant]

The fluorescent dopant may include an amine group-containing compound, astyryl group-containing compound, or any combination thereof.

In an embodiment, the fluorescent dopant may include a compoundrepresented by Formula 501:

In Formula 501,

Ar₅₀₁, L₅₀₁ to L₅₀₃, R₅₀₁, and R₅₀₂ may each independently be a C₃-C₆₀carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_(10a)or a C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with atleast one R_(10a),

xd1 to xd3 may each independently be 0, 1, 2, or 3, and

xd4 may be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.

In an embodiment, Ar₅₀₁ in Formula 501 may be a condensed cyclic group(for example, an anthracene group, a chrysene group, or a pyrene group)in which three or more monocyclic groups are condensed.

In an embodiment, xd4 in Formula 501 may be 2.

In an embodiment, the fluorescent dopant may include: one of CompoundsFD1 to FD36; DPVBi; DPAVBi; or any combination thereof:

[Delayed Fluorescence Material]

The emission layer may include a delayed fluorescence material.

The delayed fluorescence material used herein may be selected from anycompound that is capable of emitting delayed fluorescent light based ona delayed fluorescent emission mechanism.

The delayed fluorescence material included in the emission layer may actas a host or a dopant depending on the type of other materials includedin the emission layer.

In an embodiment, the difference between the triplet energy level (eV)of the delayed fluorescence material and the singlet energy level (eV)of the delayed fluorescence material may be in a range of about 0 eV toabout 0.5 eV. When the difference between the triplet energy level (eV)of the delayed fluorescence material and the singlet energy level (eV)of the delayed fluorescence material satisfies the above-describedrange, up-conversion from the triplet state to the singlet state of thedelayed fluorescence materials may effectively occur, and thus, thelight-emission efficiency of the light-emitting device 10 may beimproved.

In an embodiment, the delayed fluorescence material may include i) amaterial that includes at least one electron donor (for example, a πelectron-rich C₃-C₆₀ cyclic group, such as a carbazole group) and atleast one electron acceptor (for example, a sulfoxide group, a cyanogroup, or a π-electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C₁-C₆₀ cyclicgroup), ii) a material including a C₈-C₆₀ polycyclic group in which twoor more cyclic groups share boron (B) and are condensed with each other.

The delayed fluorescence material may include at least one of CompoundsDF1 to DF9:

[Quantum Dot]

The emission layer may include a quantum dot.

The quantum dot used herein refers to the crystal of a semiconductorcompound, and may include any material that is capable of emitting lightof various emission wavelengths depending on the size of the crystal.

A diameter of the quantum dot may be, for example, in a range of about 1nm to about 10 nm.

The quantum dot may be synthesized by a wet chemical process, a metalorganic chemical vapor deposition process, a molecular beam epitaxyprocess, or a process that is similar to these processes.

The wet chemical process refers to a method in which an organic solventand a precursor material are mixed, and a quantum dot particle crystalis grown. When the crystal grows, the organic solvent acts as adispersant naturally coordinated on the surface of the quantum dotcrystal and controls the growth of the crystal. Accordingly, by using aprocess that is easily performed at low costs compared to a vapordeposition process, such as a metal organic chemical vapor deposition(MOCVD) process and a molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) process, the growthof quantum dot particles may be controlled.

The quantum dot may include a Groups III-VI semiconductor compound, aGroups II-VI semiconductor compound, a Groups III-V semiconductorcompound, a Group I-III-VI semiconductor compound, a Groups IV-VIsemiconductor compound, a Group IV element or compound, or anycombination thereof.

Examples of the Groups II-VI semiconductor compound may include: abinary compound, such as CdSe, CdTe, ZnS, ZnSe, ZnTe, ZnO, HgS, HgSe,HgTe, MgSe, or MgS; a ternary compound, such as CdSeS, CdSeTe, CdSTe,ZnSeS, ZnSeTe, ZnSTe, HgSeS, HgSeTe, HgSTe, CdZnS, CdZnSe, CdZnTe,CdHgS, CdHgSe, CdHgTe, HgZnS, HgZnSe, HgZnTe, MgZnSe, or MgZnS; aquaternary compound, such as CdZnSeS, CdZnSeTe, CdZnSTe, CdHgSeS,CdHgSeTe, CdHgSTe, HgZnSeS, HgZnSeTe, or HgZnSTe; or any combinationthereof.

Examples of the Groups III-V semiconductor compound may include: abinary compound, such as GaN, GaP, GaAs, GaSb, AlN, AlP, AlAs, AlSb,InN, InP, InAs, or InSb; a ternary compound, such as GaNP, GaNAs, GaNSb,GaPAs, GaPSb, AlNP, AlNAs, AlNSb, AlPAs, AlPSb, InGaP, InNP, InAlP,InNAs, InNSb, InPAs, or InPSb; a quaternary compound, such as GaAlNP,GaAlNAs, GaAlNSb, GaAlPAs, GaAlPSb, GaInNP, GaInNAs, GaInNSb, GaInPAs,GaInPSb, InAlNP, InAlNAs, InAlNSb, InAlPAs, or InAlPSb; or anycombination thereof. The Groups III-V semiconductor compound may furtherinclude a Group II element. Examples of the Groups III-V semiconductorcompound further including a Group II element may include InZnP,InGaZnP, or InAlZnP.

Examples of the Groups III-VI semiconductor compound may include: abinary compound, such as GaS, GaSe, Ga₂Se₃, GaTe, InS, In₂S₃, InSe,In₂Se₃, or InTe; a ternary compound, such as InGaS₃, or InGaSe₃; or anycombination thereof.

Examples of the Group I-III-VI semiconductor compound are a ternarycompound, such as AgInS, AgInS₂, CuInS, CuInS₂, CuGaO₂, AgGaO₂, orAgAlO₂; or any combination thereof.

Examples of the Group IV-VI semiconductor compound are a binarycompound, such as SnS, SnSe, SnTe, PbS, PbSe, or PbTe; a ternarycompound, such as SnSeS, SnSeTe, SnSTe, PbSeS, PbSeTe, PbSTe, SnPbS,SnPbSe, or SnPbTe; a quaternary compound, such as SnPbSSe, SnPbSeTe, orSnPbSTe; or any combination thereof.

In an embodiment, the Group IV element or compound may include a singleelement, such as Si or Ge; a binary compound, such as SiC or SiGe; orany combination thereof.

Each element included in the multi-element compound such as the binarycompound, the ternary compound, and the quaternary compound may bepresent in a particle at a uniform concentration or a non-uniformconcentration.

The quantum dot may have a single structure having a uniformconcentration of each element included in the corresponding quantum dotor a dual structure of a core-shell. In an embodiment, a materialincluded in the core may be different from a material included in theshell.

The shell of the quantum dot may function as a protective layer formaintaining semiconductor characteristics by preventing chemicaldegeneration of the core and/or may function as a charging layer forimparting electrophoretic characteristics to the quantum dot. The shellmay be a single layer or a multilayer. An interface between the core andthe shell may have a concentration gradient in which the concentrationof elements existing in the shell decreases toward the center.

Examples of the shell of the quantum dot are a metal or non-metal oxide,a semiconductor compound, or any combination thereof. Examples of theoxide of metal or non-metal may include a binary compound, such as SiO₂,Al₂O₃, TiO₂, ZnO, MnO, Mn₂O₃, Mn₃O₄, CuO, FeO, Fe₂O₃, Fe₃O₄, CoO, Co₃O₄,or NiO; a ternary compound, such as MgAl₂O₄, CoFe₂O₄, NiFe₂O₄, orCoMn₂O₄; or any combination thereof. Examples of the semiconductorcompound are, as described herein, a Groups III-VI semiconductorcompound, a Groups II-VI semiconductor compound, a Groups III-Vsemiconductor compound, a Groups I-III-VI semiconductor compound, aGroups IV-VI semiconductor compound, or any combination thereof. In anembodiment, the semiconductor compound may include CdS, CdSe, CdTe, ZnS,ZnSe, ZnTe, ZnSeS, ZnTeS, GaAs, GaP, GaSb, HgS, HgSe, HgTe, InAs, InP,InGaP, InSb, AlAs, AlP, AlSb, or any combination thereof.

A full width at half maximum (FWHM) of an emission wavelength spectrumof the quantum dot may be equal to or less than about 45 nm. Forexample, the FWHM of an emission wavelength spectrum of the quantum dotmay be equal to or less than about 40 nm. For example, the FWHM of anemission wavelength spectrum of the quantum dot may be equal to or lessthan about 30 nm. When the FWHM of the emission wavelength spectrum ofthe quantum dot is within this range, color purity or color reproductionmay be improved. Light emitted through such a quantum dot may beirradiated omnidirectionally. Accordingly, a wide viewing angle may beincreased.

The quantum dot may be a spherical, a pyramidal, a multi-arm, or a cubicnanoparticle, a nanotube, a nanowire, a nanofiber, or a nanoplateparticle.

By adjusting the size of the quantum dot, the energy band gap may alsobe adjusted, thereby obtaining light of various wavelengths in thequantum dot emission layer. Therefore, by using quantum dots ofdifferent sizes, a light-emitting device that emits light of variouswavelengths may be implemented. In an embodiment, the size of thequantum dot may be selected to emit red, green and/or blue light. Thesize of the quantum dot may be adjusted such that light of variouscolors are combined to emit white light.

[Electron Transport Region in Interlayer 130]

The electron transport region may have: i) a single-layered structureconsisting of a single layer consisting of a single material, ii) asingle-layered structure consisting of a single layer consisting ofdifferent materials, or iii) a multi-layered structure includingmultiple layers including different materials.

The electron transport region may include a buffer layer, a holeblocking layer, an electron control layer, an electron transport layer,an electron injection layer, or any combination thereof.

In an embodiment, the electron transport region may have an electrontransport layer/electron injection layer structure, a hole blockinglayer/electron transport layer/electron injection layer structure, anelectron control layer/electron transport layer/electron injection layerstructure, or a buffer layer/electron transport layer/electron injectionlayer structure, wherein, for each structure, constituting layers aresequentially stacked from an emission layer.

The electron transport region (for example, the buffer layer, the holeblocking layer, the electron control layer, or the electron transportlayer in the electron transport region) may include a metal-freecompound including at least one π-electron-deficient nitrogen-containingC₁-C₆₀ cyclic group.

In an embodiment, the electron transport region may include a compoundrepresented by Formula 601 below:

[Ar₆₀₁]_(xe11)-[(L₆₀₁)_(xe1)-R₆₀₁]_(xe21)  [Formula 601]

In Formula 601,

Ar₆₀₁ and L₆₀₁ may each independently be a C₃-C₆₀ carbocyclic groupunsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_(10a) or a C₁-C₆₀heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least oneR_(10a),

xe11 may be 1, 2, or 3,

xe1 may be 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5,

R₆₀₁ may be a C₃-C₆₀ carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted withat least one R_(10a), a C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group unsubstituted orsubstituted with at least one R_(10a), —Si(Q₆₀₁)(Q₆₀₂)(Q₆₀₃),—C(═O)(Q₆₀₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₆₀₁), or —P(═O)(Q₆₀₁)(Q₆₀₂),

Q₆₀₁ to Q₆₀₃ are the same as described in connection with Q₁,

xe21 may be 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, and

at least one of Ar₆₀₁, L₆₀₁, and R₆₀₁ may each independently be aπ-electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C₁-C₆₀ cyclic groupunsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_(10a).

In an embodiment, when xe11 in Formula 601 is 2 or more, two or more ofAr₆₀₁(s) may be linked to each other via a single bond.

In an embodiment, Ar₆₀₁ in Formula 601 may be a substituted orunsubstituted anthracene group.

In an embodiment, the electron transport region may include a compoundrepresented by Formula 601-1:

In Formula 601-1,

X₆₁₄ may be N or C(R₆₁₄), X₆₁₆ may be N or C(R₆₁₅), X₆₁₆ may be N orC(R₆₁₆), and at least one of X₆₁₄ to X₆₁₆ may be N,

L₆₁₁ to L₆₁₃ may be understood by referring to the description presentedin connection with L₆₀₁,

xe611 to xe613 may be understood by referring to the descriptionpresented in connection with xe1,

R₆₁₁ to R₆₁₃ may be understood by referring to the description presentedin connection with R₆₀₁, and

R₆₁₄ to R₆₁₆ may each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl,—Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkylgroup, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a C₃-C₆₀ carbocyclic group unsubstitutedor substituted with at least one R_(10a), or a C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic groupunsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_(10a).

In an embodiment, xe1 and xe611 to xe613 in Formulae 601 and 601-1 mayeach independently be 0, 1, or 2.

The electron transport region may include one of following Compounds ET1to ET45, 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (BCP),4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (Bphen), Alq₃, BAlq, TAZ, NTAZ, or anycombination thereof:

A thickness of the electron transport region may be in a range of about100 Å to about 5,000 Å. For example, the thickness of the electrontransport region may be in a range of about 100 Å to about 4,000 Å. Whenthe electron transport region includes a buffer layer, a hole blockinglayer, an electron control layer, an electron transport layer, or anycombination thereof, a thickness of the buffer layer, the hole blockinglayer, or the electron control layer may each independently be in arange of about 20 Å to about 1,000 Å, and a thickness of the electrontransport layer may be in a range of about 100 Å to about 1,000 Å. Forexample, the thickness of the buffer layer, the hole blocking layer, orthe electron control layer may each independently be in a range of about30 Å to about 300 Å. For example, the thickness of the electrontransport layer may be in a range of about 150 Å to about 500 Å. Whenthe thickness of the buffer layer, the hole blocking layer, the electroncontrol layer, the electron transport layer, and/or the electrontransport region are within these ranges, satisfactory electrontransporting characteristics may be obtained without a substantialincrease in driving voltage.

The electron transport region (for example, the electron transport layerin the electron transport region) may further include, in addition tothe materials described above, a metal-containing material.

The metal-containing material may include an alkali metal complex, analkaline earth-metal complex, or any combination thereof. A metal ion ofthe alkali metal complex may be a Li ion, a Na ion, a K ion, a Rb ion,or a Cs ion, and a metal ion of the alkaline earth-metal complex may bea Be ion, a Mg ion, a Ca ion, a Sr ion, or a Ba ion. A ligandcoordinated with the metal ion of the alkali metal complex or thealkaline earth-metal complex may be a hydroxy quinoline, a hydroxyisoquinoline, a hydroxy benzoquinoline, a hydroxy acridine, a hydroxyphenanthridine, a hydroxy phenyloxazole, a hydroxy phenylthiazole, ahydroxy phenyloxadiazole, a hydroxy phenylthiadiazole, a hydroxyphenylpyridine, a hydroxy phenylbenzimidazole, a hydroxyphenylbenzothiazole, a bipyridine, a phenanthroline, a cyclopentadiene,or any combination thereof.

In an embodiment, the metal-containing material may include a Licomplex. The Li complex may include, for example, Compound ET-D1 (LiQ)or ET-D2:

The electron transport region may include an electron injection layerthat facilitates the injection of electrons from the second electrode150. The electron injection layer may directly contact the secondelectrode 150.

The electron injection layer may have: i) a single-layered structureconsisting of a single layer consisting of a single material, ii) asingle-layered structure consisting of a single layer includingdifferent materials, or iii) a multi-layered structure includingmultiple layers including different materials.

The electron injection layer may include an alkali metal, an alkalineearth metal, a rare earth metal, an alkali metal-containing compound, analkaline earth metal-containing compound, a rare earth metal-containingcompound, an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth-metal complex, arare earth metal complex, or any combination thereof.

The alkali metal may include Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, or any combinationthereof. The alkaline earth metal may include Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, or anycombination thereof. The rare earth metal may include Sc, Y, Ce, Tb, Yb,Gd, or any combination thereof.

The alkali metal-containing compound, the alkaline earthmetal-containing compound, and the rare earth metal-containing compoundmay be oxides and halides (for example, fluorides, chlorides, bromides,or iodides) of the alkali metal, the alkaline earth metal, and the rareearth metal, telluride, or any combination thereof.

The alkali metal-containing compound may be alkali metal oxides, such asLi₂O, Cs₂O, or K₂O, and alkali metal halides, such as LiF, NaF, CsF, KF,LiI, NaI, CsI, or KI, or any combination thereof. The alkaline earthmetal-containing compound may include an alkaline earth metal compound,such as BaO, SrO, CaO, Ba_(x)Sr_(1-x)O (x is a real number thatsatisfies the condition of 0<x<1), or Ba_(x)Ca_(1-x)O (x is a realnumber that satisfies the condition of 0<x<1). The rare earthmetal-containing compound may include YbF₃, ScF₃, Sc₂O₃, Y₂O₃, Ce₂O₃,GdF₃, TbF₃, YbI₃, ScI₃, TbI₃, or any combination thereof. In anembodiment, the rare earth metal-containing compound may includelanthanide metal telluride. Examples of the lanthanide metal tellurideare LaTe, CeTe, PrTe, NdTe, PmTe, SmTe, EuTe, GdTe, TbTe, DyTe, HoTe,ErTe, TmTe, YbTe, LuTe, La₂Te₃, Ce₂Te₃, Pr₂Te₃, Nd₂Te₃, Pm₂Te₃, Sm₂Te₃,Eu₂Te₃, Gd₂Te₃, Tb₂Te₃, Dy₂Te₃, Ho₂Te₃, Er₂Te₃, Tm₂Te₃, Yb₂Te₃, andLu₂Te₃.

The alkali metal complex, the alkaline earth-metal complex, and the rareearth metal complex may include i) one of ions of the alkali metal, thealkaline earth metal, and the rare earth metal and ii) a ligand linkedto the metal ion, for example, hydroxyquinoline, hydroxy isoquinoline,hydroxybenzoquinoline, hydroxyacridine, hydroxyphenanthridine,hydroxyphenyloxazole, hydroxyphenylthiazole, hydroxyphenyloxadiazole,hydroxyphenylthiadiazole, hydroxyphenylpyridine, hydroxyphenylbenzimidazole, hydroxyphenylbenzothiazole, bipyridine, phenanthroline,cyclopentadiene, or any combination thereof.

The electron injection layer may consist of an alkali metal, an alkalineearth metal, a rare earth metal, an alkali metal-containing compound, analkaline earth metal-containing compound, a rare earth metal-containingcompound, an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth-metal complex, arare earth metal complex, or any combination thereof, or may furtherinclude an organic material (for example, a compound represented byFormula 601).

In an embodiment, the electron injection layer may consist of i) analkali metal-containing compound (for example, an alkali metal halide),or ii) a) an alkali metal-containing compound (for example, an alkalimetal halide); and b) alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, rare earthmetal, or any combination thereof. In an embodiment, the electroninjection layer may be a KI:Yb co-deposited layer or a RbI:Ybco-deposited layer.

When the electron injection layer further includes an organic material,an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a rare earth metal, an alkalimetal-containing compound, an alkaline earth metal-containing compound,a rare earth metal-containing compound, an alkali metal complex, analkaline earth-metal complex, a rare earth metal complex, or anycombination thereof may be homogeneously or non-homogeneously dispersedin a matrix including the organic material.

A thickness of the electron injection layer may be in a range of about 1Å to about 100 Å. For example, the thickness of the electron injectionlayer may be in a range of about 3 Å to about 90 Å. When the thicknessof the electron injection layer is within the range described above, theelectron injection layer may have satisfactory electron injectioncharacteristics without a substantial increase in driving voltage.

[Second Electrode 150]

The second electrode 150 may be located on the interlayer 130 havingsuch a structure. The second electrode 150 may be a cathode, which is anelectron injection electrode, and as the material for forming the secondelectrode 150, a metal, an alloy, an electrically conductive compound,or any combination thereof, each having a low work function, may beused.

The second electrode 150 may include lithium (Li), silver (Ag),magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), aluminum-lithium (Al—Li), calcium (Ca),magnesium-indium (Mg—In), magnesium-silver (Mg—Ag), ytterbium (Yb),silver-ytterbium (Ag—Yb), ITO, IZO, or any combination thereof. Thesecond electrode 150 may be a transmissive electrode, asemi-transmissive electrode, or a reflective electrode.

The second electrode 150 may have a single-layered structure or amulti-layered structure including two or more layers.

[Capping Layer]

A first capping layer may be located outside the first electrode 110,and/or a second capping layer may be located outside the secondelectrode 150. The light-emitting device 10 may have a structure inwhich the first capping layer, the first electrode 110, the interlayer130, and the second electrode 150 are sequentially stacked in thisstated order, a structure in which the first electrode 110, theinterlayer 130, the second electrode 150, and the second capping layerare sequentially stacked in this stated order, or a structure in whichthe first capping layer, the first electrode 110, the interlayer 130,the second electrode 150, and the second capping layer are sequentiallystacked in this stated order.

Light generated in an emission layer of the interlayer 130 of thelight-emitting device 10 may be emitted toward the outside through thefirst electrode 110, which is a semi-transmissive electrode or atransmissive electrode, and the first capping layer, and light generatedin an emission layer of the interlayer 130 of the light-emitting device10 may be emitted toward the outside through the second electrode 150,which is a semi-transmissive electrode or a transmissive electrode, andthe second capping layer.

The first capping layer and the second capping layer may increaseexternal light-emission efficiency according to the principle ofconstructive interference. Accordingly, the light-emission efficiency ofthe light-emitting device 10 is increased, so that the light-emissionefficiency of the light-emitting device 10 may be improved.

The first capping layer and the second capping layer may each include amaterial having a refractive index of equal to or greater than about 1.6(at 589 nm).

The first capping layer and the second capping layer may eachindependently be an organic capping layer including an organic material,an inorganic capping layer including an inorganic material, or acomposite capping layer including an organic material and an inorganicmaterial.

At least one of the first capping layer and the second capping layer mayeach independently include a carbocyclic compound, a heterocycliccompound, an amine group-containing compound, a porphyrine derivative, aphthalocyanine derivative, a naphthalocyanine derivative, an alkalimetal complex, an alkaline earth-metal complex, or any combinationthereof. The carbocyclic compound, the heterocyclic compound, and theamine group-containing compound may be optionally substituted with asubstituent containing O, N, S, Se, Si, F, Cl, Br, I, or any combinationthereof. In an embodiment, at least one of the first capping layer andthe second capping layer may each independently include an aminegroup-containing compound.

In an embodiment, at least one of the first capping layer and secondcapping layer may each independently include a compound represented byFormula 201, a compound represented by Formula 202, or any combinationthereof.

In an embodiment, at least one of the first capping layer and the secondcapping layer may each independently include one of Compounds HT28 toHT33, one of Compounds CP1 to CP6, β-NPB, or any combination thereof:

[Electronic Apparatus]

The light-emitting device may be included in various electronicapparatuses. In an embodiment, an electronic apparatus including thelight-emitting device may be a light-emitting apparatus, anauthentication apparatus, or the like.

The electronic apparatus (for example, light-emitting apparatus) mayfurther include, in addition to the light-emitting device, a colorfilter, a color conversion layer, or a color filter and a colorconversion layer. The color filter and/or the color conversion layer maybe located in at least one traveling direction of light emitted from thelight-emitting device. In an embodiment, light emitted from thelight-emitting device may be blue light or white light. Thelight-emitting device may be the same as described above. In anembodiment, the color conversion layer may include a quantum dot. Thequantum dot may be, for example, a quantum dot as described herein.

The electronic apparatus may include a first substrate. The firstsubstrate may include subpixels, the color filter may include colorfilter areas respectively corresponding to the subpixels, and the colorconversion layer may include color conversion areas respectivelycorresponding to the subpixels.

A pixel-defining film may be located between the subpixels to defineeach of the subpixels.

The color filter may further include color filter areas andlight-blocking patterns located between the color filter areas, and thecolor conversion layer may further include color conversion areas andlight-blocking patterns located between the color conversion areas.

The color filter areas (or the color conversion areas) may include afirst area emitting first-color light, a second area emittingsecond-color light, and/or a third area emitting third-color light, andthe first-color light, the second-color light, and/or the third-colorlight may have different maximum emission wavelengths from one another.In an embodiment, the first-color light may be red light, thesecond-color light may be green light, and the third-color light may beblue light. In an embodiment, the color filter areas (or the colorconversion areas) may include quantum dots. The first area may include ared quantum dot, the second area may include a green quantum dot, andthe third area may not include a quantum dot. The quantum dot is thesame as described in the specification. Each of the first area, thesecond area and/or the third area may further include a scattering body.

In an embodiment, the light-emitting device may emit first light, thefirst area may absorb the first light to emit first first-color light,the second area may absorb the first light to emit second first-colorlight, and the third area may absorb the first light to emit thirdfirst-color light. In this regard, the first first-color light, thesecond first-color light, and the third first-color light may havedifferent maximum emission wavelengths from one another. The first lightmay be blue light, the first first-color light may be red light, thesecond first-color light may be green light, and the third first-colorlight may be blue light.

The electronic apparatus may further include a thin-film transistor inaddition to the light-emitting device as described above. The thin-filmtransistor may include a source electrode, a drain electrode, and anactive layer, wherein any one of the source electrode and the drainelectrode may be electrically connected to any one of the firstelectrode and the second electrode of the light-emitting device.

The thin-film transistor may further include a gate electrode, a gateinsulation layer, or the like.

The active layer may include crystalline silicon, amorphous silicon,organic semiconductor, oxide semiconductor, or the like.

The electronic apparatus may further include a sealing portion forsealing the light-emitting device. The sealing portion may be locatedbetween the color filter and/or the color conversion layer and thelight-emitting device. The sealing portion allows light from thelight-emitting device 10 to be emitted to the outside, whilesimultaneously preventing ambient air and moisture from penetrating intothe light-emitting device 10. The sealing portion may be a sealingsubstrate including a transparent glass substrate or a plasticsubstrate. The sealing portion may be a thin film encapsulation layerincluding one or more organic layers and/or one or more inorganiclayers. When the sealing portion is a thin film encapsulation layer, theelectronic apparatus may be flexible.

On the sealing portion, in addition to the color filter and/or colorconversion layer, various functional layers may be further locatedaccording to the use of the electronic apparatus. Examples of thefunctional layers may include a touch screen layer, a polarizing layer,and the like. The touch screen layer may be a pressure-sensitive touchscreen layer, a capacitive touch screen layer, or an infrared touchscreen layer. The authentication apparatus may be, for example, abiometric authentication apparatus for authenticating an individual byusing biometric information of a biometric body (for example, afingertip, a pupil, or the like).

The authentication apparatus may further include, in addition to thelight-emitting device, a biometric information collector.

The electronic apparatus may be applied to various displays, lightsources, lighting, personal computers (for example, a mobile personalcomputer), mobile phones, digital cameras, electronic organizers,electronic dictionaries, electronic game machines, medical instruments(for example, electronic thermometers, sphygmomanometers, blood glucosemeters, pulse measurement devices, pulse wave measurement devices,electrocardiogram displays, ultrasonic diagnostic devices, or endoscopedisplays), fish finders, various measuring instruments, meters (forexample, meters for a vehicle, an aircraft, and a vessel), projectors,and the like.

[Description of FIGS. 2 and 3]

FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a light-emittingapparatus according to an embodiment of the disclosure; and

The light-emitting apparatus of FIG. 2 includes a substrate 100, athin-film transistor (TFT), a light-emitting device, and anencapsulation portion 300 that seals light-emitting device.

The substrate 100 may be a flexible substrate, a glass substrate, or ametal substrate. A buffer layer 210 may be located on the substrate 100.The buffer layer 210 prevents the penetration of impurities through thesubstrate 100 and may provide a flat surface on the substrate 100.

The TFT may be located on the buffer layer 210. The TFT may include anactive layer 220, a gate electrode 240, a source electrode 260, and adrain electrode 270.

The active layer 220 may include an inorganic semiconductor such assilicon or polysilicon, an organic semiconductor, or an oxidesemiconductor, and may include a source region, a drain region, and achannel region.

A gate insulating film 230 for insulating the active layer 220 from thegate electrode 240 may be located on the active layer 220, and the gateelectrode 240 may be located on the gate insulating film 230.

An interlayer insulating film 250 may be located on the gate electrode240. The interlayer insulating film 250 is located between the gateelectrode 240 and the source electrode 260 to insulate the gateelectrode 240 from the source electrode 260 and between the gateelectrode 240 and the drain electrode 270 to insulate the gate electrode240 from the drain electrode 270.

The source electrode 260 and the drain electrode 270 may be located onthe interlayer insulating film 250. The interlayer insulating film 250and the gate insulating film 230 may be formed to expose the sourceregion and the drain region of the active layer 220, and the sourceelectrode 260 and the drain electrode 270 may be located to be incontact with the exposed portions of the source region and the drainregion of the active layer 220.

The TFT may be electrically connected to a light-emitting device todrive the light-emitting device, and may be covered by a passivationlayer 280. The passivation layer 280 may include an inorganic insulatingfilm, an organic insulating film, or a combination thereof. Alight-emitting device may be provided on the passivation layer 280. Thelight-emitting device includes the first electrode 110, the interlayer130, and the second electrode 150.

The first electrode 110 may be located on the passivation layer 280. Thepassivation layer 280 may not completely cover the drain electrode 270and may expose a portion of the drain electrode 270, and the firstelectrode 110 may be connected to the exposed portion of the drainelectrode 270.

A pixel defining layer 290 including an insulating material may belocated on the first electrode 110. The pixel defining layer 290 mayexpose a region of the first electrode 110, and the interlayer 130 maybe formed in the exposed region of the first electrode 110. The pixeldefining layer 290 may be a polyimide or polyacryl-based organic film.Although not shown in FIG. 2, at least some layers of the interlayer 130may extend beyond the upper portion of the pixel defining layer 290 andmay thus be disposed in the form of a common layer.

The second electrode 150 may be disposed on the interlayer 130, and acapping layer 170 may be additionally formed on the second electrode150. The capping layer 170 may be formed to cover the second electrode150.

The encapsulation portion 300 may be located on the capping layer 170.The encapsulation portion 300 may be located on a light-emitting deviceand protects the light-emitting device from moisture or oxygen. Theencapsulation portion 300 may include: an inorganic film includingsilicon nitride (SiN_(x)), silicon oxide (SiO_(x)), indium tin oxide,indium zinc oxide, or a combination thereof; an organic film includingpolyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, polycarbonate,polyimide, polyethylene sulfonate, polyoxymethylene, polyarylate,hexamethyldisiloxane, an acrylic resin (for example, polymethylmethacrylate or polyacrylic acid), an epoxy-based resin (for example,aliphatic glycidyl ether (AGE)), or any combination thereof; or acombination of an inorganic film and an organic film.

FIG. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a light-emitting apparatusaccording to another embodiment.

The light-emitting apparatus of FIG. 3 is the same as the light-emittingapparatus of FIG. 2, except that a light-blocking pattern 500 and afunctional region 400 are additionally located on the encapsulationportion 300. The functional region 400 may be i) a color filter area,ii) a color conversion area, or iii) a combination of the color filterarea and the color conversion area. In an embodiment, the light-emittingdevice included in the light-emitting apparatus of FIG. 3 may be atandem light-emitting device.

[Preparation Method]

Layers constituting the hole transport region, an emission layer, andlayers constituting the electron transport region may be formed in acertain region by using one or more suitable methods selected fromvacuum deposition, spin coating, casting, Langmuir-Blodgett (LB)deposition, ink-jet printing, laser-printing, and laser-induced thermalimaging.

When layers constituting the hole transport region, the emission layer,and layers constituting the electron transport region are formed byvacuum deposition, the deposition may be performed at a depositiontemperature of about 100° C. to about 500° C., a vacuum degree of about10⁻⁸ torr to about 10⁻³ torr, and a deposition speed of about 0.01 Å/secto about 100 Å/sec by taking into account a material to be included in alayer to be formed and the structure of a layer to be formed.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

The term “C₃-C₆₀ carbocyclic group” as used herein refers to a cyclicgroup that consists of carbon and hydrogen only and has three to sixtycarbon atoms (for example three to thirty, three to twenty four, orthree to eighteen carbon atoms), and the term “C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclicgroup” as used herein refers to a cyclic group that has one to sixtycarbon atoms (for example one to thirty, one to twenty four, or one toeighteen carbon atoms) and further includes, in addition to carbon, aheteroatom (for example, one to five or one to three heteroatoms). TheC₃-C₆₀ carbocyclic group and the C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group may each be amonocyclic group that consists of one ring or a polycyclic group inwhich two or more rings are condensed with each other. In an embodiment,the number of ring-forming atoms of the C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group may befrom 3 to 61.

The term “cyclic group” as used herein includes the C₃-C₆₀ carbocyclicgroup and the C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group.

The term “π electron-rich C₃-C₆₀ cyclic group” as used herein refers toa cyclic group that has three to sixty carbon atoms (for example threeto thirty, three to twenty four, or three to eighteen carbon atoms) anddoes not include *—N═*′ as a ring-forming moiety, and the term“π-electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C₁-C₆₀ cyclic group” as usedherein refers to a heterocyclic group that has one to sixty carbon atoms(for example one to thirty, one to twenty four, or one to eighteencarbon atoms) and includes *—N═*′ as a ring-forming moiety.

For example,

the C₃-C₆₀ carbocyclic group may be i) a group T1 or ii) a condensedcyclic group in which two or more groups T1 are condensed with eachother (for example, a cyclopentadiene group, an adamantane group, anorbornane group, a benzene group, a pentalene group, a naphthalenegroup, an azulene group, an indacene group, acenaphthylene group, aphenalene group, a phenanthrene group, an anthracene group, afluoranthene group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysenegroup, a perylene group, a pentaphene group, a heptalene group, anaphthacene group, a picene group, a hexacene group, a pentacene group,a rubicene group, a coronene group, an ovalene group, an indene group, afluorene group, a spiro-bifluorene group, a benzofluorene group, anindenophenanthrene group, or an indenoanthracene group),

the C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group may be i) a group T2, ii) a condensedcyclic group in which two or more groups T2 are condensed with eachother, or iii) a condensed cyclic group in which at least one group T2and at least one group T1 are condensed with each other (for example, apyrrole group, a thiophene group, a furan group, an indole group, abenzoindole group, a naphthoindole group, an isoindole group, abenzoisoindole group, a naphthoisoindole group, a benzosilole group, abenzothiophene group, a benzofuran group, a carbazole group, adibenzosilole group, a dibenzothiophene group, a dibenzofuran group, anindenocarbazole group, an indolocarbazole group, a benzofurocarbazolegroup, a benzothienocarbazole group, a benzosilolocarbazole group, abenzoindolocarbazole group, a benzocarbazole group, a benzonaphthofurangroup, a benzonaphthothiophene group, a benzonaphthosilole group, abenzofurodibenzofuran group, a benzofurodibenzothiophene group, abenzothieno dibenzothiophene group, a pyrazole group, an imidazolegroup, a triazole group, an oxazole group, an isoxazole group, anoxadiazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, a thiadiazolegroup, a benzopyrazole group, a benzimidazole group, a benzoxazolegroup, a benzoisoxazole group, a benzothiazole group, a benzoisothiazolegroup, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, apyridazine group, a triazine group, a quinoline group, an isoquinolinegroup, a benzoquinoline group, a benzoisoquinoline group, a quinoxalinegroup, a benzoquinoxaline group, a quinazoline group, a benzoquinazolinegroup, a phenanthroline group, a cinnoline group, a phthalazine group, anaphthyridine group, an imidazopyridine group, an imidazopyrimidinegroup, an imidazotriazine group, an imidazopyrazine group, animidazopyridazine group, an azacarbazole group, an azafluorene group, anazadibenzosilole group, an azadibenzothiophene group, or anazadibenzofuran group),

the π electron-rich C₃-C₆₀ cyclic group may be i) a group T1, ii) acondensed cyclic group in which two or more groups T1 are condensed witheach other, iii) a group T3, iv) a condensed cyclic group in which twoor more groups T3 are condensed with each other, or v) a condensedcyclic group in which at least one group T3 and at least one group T1are condensed with each other (for example, a C₃-C₆₀ carbocyclic group,a pyrrole group, a thiophene group, a furan group, an indole group, abenzoindole group, a naphthoindole group, an isoindole group, abenzoisoindole group, a naphthoisoindole group, a benzosilole group, abenzothiophene group, a benzofuran group, a carbazole group, adibenzosilole group, a dibenzothiophene group, a dibenzofuran group, anindenocarbazole group, an indolocarbazole group, a benzofurocarbazolegroup, a benzothienocarbazole group, a benzosilolocarbazole group, abenzoindolocarbazole group, a benzocarbazole group, a benzonaphthofurangroup, a benzonaphthothiophene group, a benzonaphthosilole group, abenzofurodibenzofuran group, a benzofurodibenzothiophene group, or abenzothienodibenzothiophene group),

the π-electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C₁-C₆₀ cyclic group may bei) a group T4, ii) a condensed cyclic group in which two or more groupsT4 are condensed with each other, iii) a condensed cyclic group in whichat least one group T4 and at least one group T1 are condensed with eachother, iv) a condensed cyclic group in which at least one group T4 andat least one group T3 are condensed with each other, or v) a condensedcyclic group in which at least one group T4, at least one group T1, andat least one group T3 are condensed with each other (for example, apyrazole group, an imidazole group, a triazole group, an oxazole group,an isoxazole group, an oxadiazole group, a thiazole group, anisothiazole group, a thiadiazole group, a benzopyrazole group, abenzimidazole group, a benzoxazole group, a benzoisoxazole group, abenzothiazole group, a benzoisothiazole group, a pyridine group, apyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a triazinegroup, a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group, a benzoquinoline group,a benzoisoquinoline group, a quinoxaline group, a benzoquinoxalinegroup, a quinazoline group, a benzoquinazoline group, a phenanthrolinegroup, a cinnoline group, a phthalazine group, a naphthyridine group, animidazopyridine group, an imidazopyrimidine group, an imidazotriazinegroup, an imidazopyrazine group, an imidazopyridazine group, anazacarbazole group, an azafluorene group, an azadibenzosilole group, anazadibenzothiophene group, or an azadibenzofuran group),

the group T1 may be a cyclopropane group, a cyclobutane group, acyclopentane group, a cyclohexane group, a cycloheptane group, acyclooctane group, a cyclobutene group, a cyclopentene group, acyclopentadiene group, a cyclohexene group, a cyclohexadiene group, acycloheptene group, an adamantane group, a norbornane group (or, abicyclo[2.2.1]heptane group), a norbornene group, abicyclo[1.1.1]pentane group, a bicyclo[2.1.1]hexane group, abicyclo[2.2.2]octane group, or a benzene group,

the group T2 may be a furan group, a thiophene group, a 1H-pyrrolegroup, a silole group, a borole group, a 2H-pyrrole group, a 3H-pyrrolegroup, an imidazole group, a pyrazole group, a triazole group, atetrazole group, an oxazole group, an isoxazole group, an oxadiazolegroup, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, a thiadiazole group, anazasilole group, an azaborole group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidinegroup, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a triazine group, or atetrazine group,

the group T3 may be a furan group, a thiophene group, a 1H-pyrrolegroup, a silole group, or a borole group, and

the group T4 may be a 2H-pyrrole group, a 3H-pyrrole group, an imidazolegroup, a pyrazole group, a triazole group, a tetrazole group, an oxazolegroup, an isoxazole group, an oxadiazole group, a thiazole group, anisothiazole group, a thiadiazole group, an azasilole group, an azaborolegroup, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, apyridazine group, a triazine group, or a tetrazine group.

The terms “the cyclic group, the C₃-C₆₀ carbocyclic group, the C₁-C₆₀heterocyclic group, the π electron-rich C₃-C₆₀ cyclic group, or theπ-electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C₁-C₆₀ cyclic group” as usedherein refer to a group that is condensed with a cyclic group, amonovalent group, a polyvalent group (for example, a divalent group, atrivalent group, a tetravalent group, or the like), according to thestructure of a formula described with corresponding terms. In anembodiment, the term “benzene group” may be a benzo group, a phenylgroup, a phenylene group, or the like, which may be easily understood byone of ordinary skill in the art according to a structure of a formulaincluding the “benzene group.”

In an embodiment, examples of the monovalent C₃-C₆₀ carbocyclic groupand the monovalent C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group are a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkylgroup, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, aC₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₁-C₆₀heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group,and a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, andexamples of the divalent C₃-C₆₀ carbocyclic group and the divalentC₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group are a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkylene group, a C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkylene group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenylene group, a C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenylene group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylene group, a C₁-C₆₀heteroarylene group, a divalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group,and a divalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group.

The term “C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group” as used herein refers to a linear orbranched aliphatic hydrocarbon monovalent group having 1 to 60 carbonatoms (for example, 1 to 30, 1 to 20 or 1 to 10 carbon atoms), andexamples thereof are a methyl group, an ethyl group, an n-propyl group,an isopropyl group, an n-butyl group, a sec-butyl group, an isobutylgroup, a tert-butyl group, an n-pentyl group, a tert-pentyl group, aneopentyl group, an isopentyl group, a sec-pentyl group, a 3-pentylgroup, a sec-isopentyl group, an n-hexyl group, an isohexyl group, asec-hexyl group, a tert-hexyl group, an n-heptyl group, an isoheptylgroup, a sec-heptyl group, a tert-heptyl group, an n-octyl group, anisooctyl group, a sec-octyl group, a tert-octyl group, an n-nonyl group,an isononyl group, a sec-nonyl group, a tert-nonyl group, an n-decylgroup, an isodecyl group, a sec-decyl group, and a tert-decyl group. Theterm “C₁-C₆₀ alkylene group” as used herein refers to a divalent grouphaving the same structure as the C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group.

The term “C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group” as used herein refers to a monovalenthydrocarbon group (for example, 2 to 30, 2 to 20 or 2 to 10 carbonatoms) having at least one carbon-carbon double bond in the middle or atthe terminus of a C₂-C₆₀ alkyl group, and examples thereof include anethenyl group, a propenyl group, and a butenyl group. The term “C₂-C₆₀alkenylene group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having thesame structure as the C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group.

The term “C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group” as used herein refers to a monovalenthydrocarbon group (for example, 2 to 30, 2 to 20 or 2 to 10 carbonatoms) having at least one carbon-carbon triple bond in the middle or atthe terminus of a C₂-C₆₀ alkyl group, and examples thereof include anethynyl group and a propynyl group. The term “C₂-C₆₀ alkynylene group”as used herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure asthe C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group.

The term “C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group” as used herein refers to a monovalentgroup represented by —OA₁₀₁ (wherein A₁₀₁ is the C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group),and examples thereof include a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, and anisopropyloxy group.

The term “C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group” as used herein refers to a monovalentsaturated hydrocarbon cyclic group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms, andexamples thereof are a cyclopropyl group, a cyclobutyl group, acyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cycloctylgroup, an adamantanyl group, a norbornanyl group (or abicyclo[2.2.1]heptyl group), a bicyclo[1.1.1]pentyl group, abicyclo[2.1.1]hexyl group, and a bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl group. The term“C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkylene group” as used herein refers to a divalent grouphaving the same structure as the C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group.

The term “C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group” as used herein refers to amonovalent cyclic group that further includes, in addition to a carbonatom, at least one heteroatom (for example, 1 to 5 or 1 to 3heteroatoms) as a ring-forming atom and has 1 to 10 carbon atoms, andexamples thereof are a 1,2,3,4-oxatriazolidinyl group, atetrahydrofuranyl group, and a tetrahydrothiophenyl group. The term“C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkylene group” as used herein refers to a divalentgroup having the same structure as the C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group.

The term “C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group” as used herein refers to amonovalent monocyclic group that has 3 to 10 carbon atoms and at leastone carbon-carbon double bond in the ring thereof and no aromaticity,and examples thereof include a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenylgroup, and a cycloheptenyl group. The term “C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenylenegroup” as used herein refers to a divalent group having the samestructure as the C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group.

The term “C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group” as used herein refers to amonovalent cyclic group that has, in addition to a carbon atom, at leastone heteroatom (for example, 1 to 5 or 1 to 3 heteroatoms) as aring-forming atom, 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and at least one double bond inthe cyclic structure thereof. Examples of the C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenylgroup include a 4,5-dihydro-1,2,3,4-oxatriazolyl group, a2,3-dihydrofuranyl group, and a 2,3-dihydrothiophenyl group. The term“C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenylene group” as used herein refers to a divalentgroup having the same structure as the C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group.

The term “C₆-C₆₀ aryl group” as used herein refers to a monovalent grouphaving a carbocyclic aromatic system having 6 to 60 carbon atoms (forexample, 6 to 30, 6 to 24 or 6 to 18 carbon atoms), and the term “C₆-C₆₀arylene group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having acarbocyclic aromatic system having 6 to 60 carbon atoms (for example, 6to 30, 6 to 24 or 6 to 18 carbon atoms). Examples of the C₆-C₆₀ arylgroup are a phenyl group, a pentalenyl group, a naphthyl group, anazulenyl group, an indacenyl group, an acenaphthyl group, a phenalenylgroup, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenylgroup, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, aperylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a heptalenyl group, a naphthacenylgroup, a picenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, arubicenyl group, a coronenyl group, and an ovalenyl group. When theC₆-C₆₀ aryl group and the C₆-C₆₀ arylene group each include two or morerings, the two or more rings may be condensed to each other.

The term “C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group” as used herein refers to a monovalentgroup having a heterocyclic aromatic system that has, in addition to acarbon atom, at least one heteroatom (for example, 1 to 5 or 1 to 3heteroatoms) as a ring-forming atom, and 1 to 60 carbon atoms (forexample, 1 to 30, 1 to 24 or 1 to 18 carbon atoms). The term “C₁-C₆₀heteroarylene group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having aheterocyclic aromatic system that has, in addition to a carbon atom, atleast one heteroatom (for example, 1 to 5 or 1 to 3 heteroatoms) as aring-forming atom, and 1 to 60 carbon atoms (for example, 1 to 30, 1 to24 or 1 to 18 carbon atoms). Examples of the C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group area pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinylgroup, a triazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinyl group,an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoisoquinolinyl group, a quinoxalinylgroup, a benzoquinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, abenzoquinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, aphthalazinyl group, and a naphthyridinyl group. When the C₁-C₆₀heteroaryl group and the C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylene group each include two ormore rings, the two or more rings may be condensed with each other.

The term “monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group” as usedherein refers to a monovalent group (for example, having 8 to 60 carbonatoms, such as 8 to 30, 8 to 24 or 8 to 18 carbon atoms) having two ormore rings condensed with each other, only carbon atoms as ring-formingatoms, and no aromaticity in its entire molecular structure. Examples ofthe monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group are an indenylgroup, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenylgroup, an indenophenanthrenyl group, and an indenoanthracenyl group. Theterm “divalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group” as used hereinrefers to a divalent group having the same structure as the monovalentnon-aromatic condensed polycyclic group.

The term “monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group” asused herein refers to a monovalent group (for example, having 1 to 60carbon atoms, such as 1 to 30, 1 to 24 or 1 to 18 carbon atoms) havingtwo or more rings condensed to each other, at least one heteroatom (forexample, 1 to 5 or 1 to 3 heteroatoms) other than carbon atoms, as aring-forming atom, and non-aromaticity in its entire molecularstructure. Examples of the monovalent non-aromatic condensedheteropolycyclic group includes a pyrrolyl group, a thiophenyl group, afuranyl group, an indolyl group, a benzoindolyl group, a naphthoindolylgroup, an isoindolyl group, a benzoisoindolyl group, a naphthoisoindolylgroup, a benzosilolyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a benzofuranylgroup, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, a dibenzothiophenylgroup, a dibenzofuranyl group, an azacarbazolyl group, an azafluorenylgroup, an azadibenzosilolyl group, an azadibenzothiophenyl group, anazadibenzofuranyl group, a pyrazolyl group, an imidazolyl group, atriazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolylgroup, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, athiadiazolyl group, a benzopyrazolyl group, a benzimidazolyl group, abenzoxazolyl group, a benzothiazolyl group, a benzoxadiazolyl group, abenzothiadiazolyl group, an imidazopyridinyl group, animidazopyrimidinyl group, an imidazotriazinyl group, an imidazopyrazinylgroup, an imidazopyridazinyl group, an indenocarbazolyl group, anindolocarbazolyl group, a benzofurocarbazolyl group, abenzothienocarbazolyl group, a benzosilolocarbazolyl group, abenzoindolocarbazolyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, abenzonaphthofuranyl group, a benzonaphthothiophenyl group, abenzonaphthosilolyl group, a benzofurodibenzofuranyl group, abenzofurodibenzothiophenyl group, and a benzothienodibenzothiophenylgroup. The term “divalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group”as used herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure asthe monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group.

The term “C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group” as used herein refers to —OA₁₀₂ (whereinA₁₀₂ is the C₆-C₆₀ aryl group), and the term “C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group” asused herein refers to —SA₁₀₃ (wherein A₁₀₃ is the C₆-C₆₀ aryl group).

The group R_(10a) as used herein may be:

deuterium (-D), —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, or anitro group;

a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, ora C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium,—F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, aC₃-C₆₀ carbocyclic group, a C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxygroup, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, —Si(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂)(Q₁₃), —N(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂),—B(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂), —C(═O)(Q₁₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₁₁), —P(═O)(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂), or anycombination thereof;

a C₃-C₆₀ carbocyclic group, a C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group, a C₆-C₆₀aryloxy group, or a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, each unsubstituted orsubstituted with deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyanogroup, a nitro group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, aC₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a C₃-C₆₀ carbocyclic group,a C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthiogroup, —Si(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂)(Q₂₃), —N(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂), —B(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂), —C(═O)(Q₂₁),—S(═O)₂(Q₂₁), —P(═O)(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂), or any combination thereof; or

—Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —B(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —C(═O)(Q₃₁),—S(═O)₂(Q₃₁), or —P(═O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂).

Q₁ to Q₃, Q₁₁ to Q₁₃, Q₂₁ to Q₂₃ and Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ used herein may eachindependently be: hydrogen; deuterium; —F; —Cl; —Br; —I; a hydroxylgroup; a cyano group; a nitro group; a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group; a C₂-C₆₀alkenyl group; a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group; a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group; or aC₃-C₆₀ carbocyclic group or a C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group, eachunsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, —F, a cyano group, a C₁-C₆₀alkyl group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, orany combination thereof.

The term “heteroatom” as used herein refers to any atom other than acarbon atom. Examples of the heteroatom are 0, 5, N, P, Si, B, Ge, Se,or any combination thereof.

The term “Ph” as used herein refers to a phenyl group, the term “Me” asused herein refers to a methyl group, the term “Et” as used hereinrefers to an ethyl group, the term “tert-Bu” or “But” as used hereinrefers to a tert-butyl group, and the term “OMe” as used herein refersto a methoxy group.

The term “biphenyl group” as used herein refers to “a phenyl groupsubstituted with a phenyl group.” In other words, the “biphenyl group”is a substituted phenyl group having a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group as asubstituent.

The term “terphenyl group” as used herein refers to “a phenyl groupsubstituted with a biphenyl group.” In other words, the “terphenylgroup” is a substituted phenyl group having, as a substituent, a C₆-C₆₀aryl group substituted with a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group.

* and *′ as used herein, unless defined otherwise, each refer to abinding site to a neighboring atom in a corresponding formula.

Hereinafter, a compound according to embodiments and a light-emittingdevice according to embodiments will be described in detail withreference to Examples. The wording “B was used instead of A” used indescribing Examples refers to that an identical molar equivalent of Bwas used in place of A.

EXAMPLES Example 1-1

As an anode, an ITO/Ag/ITO substrate (hereinafter, referred to as “ITOsubstrate”) was cut to a size of 50 mm×50 mm×0.7 mm, sonicated by usingisopropyl alcohol and pure water for 5 minutes each, and cleaned byirradiation of ultraviolet rays and exposure of zone thereto for 30minutes. The ITO substrate was loaded onto a vacuum depositionapparatus.

Compound 6 was vacuum-deposited on the ITO substrate to form a holeinjection layer having a thickness of 110 nm, and HT45 wasvacuum-deposited on the hole injection layer to form a hole transportlayer having a thickness of 10 nm.

H125 and PD11 were co-deposited on the hole transport layer at a weightratio of 90:10 to form an emission layer having a thickness of 30 nm.Subsequently, BAlq was vacuum-deposited thereon to form a hole blockinglayer having a thickness of 10 nm. Subsequently, Alq₃ was deposited onthe hole blocking layer to form an electron transport layer having athickness of 20 nm, LiF, which is an alkali metal halide, was depositedon the electron transport layer to form an electron injection layerhaving a thickness of 1 nm, and Al was vacuum-deposited thereon to forman LiF/Al cathode having a thickness of 30 nm, thereby completingmanufacture of a light-emitting device.

Examples 1-2 to 1-8 and Comparative Examples 1-1 and 1-2

A light-emitting device was manufactured in the same manner as inExample 1-1, except that, compounds shown in Table 1 were used insteadof Compound 6, HT45, HT125, and PD11, which were used in Example 1-1.

Evaluation Example 1

In order to evaluate characteristics of the light-emitting devicesmanufactured in Examples 1-1 to 1-8 and Comparative Examples 1-1 and1-2, with respect to each of the light-emitting devices of Examples 1-1to 1-8 and Comparative Examples 1-1 and 1-2, a driving voltage (V) at1000 cd/m², a light-emission efficiency (cd/A), an emission color, and alifespan (LT₉₇) were each measured by using Keithley MU 236 and aluminance meter PR650, and results thereof are shown in Table 1. InTable 1, the lifespan (LT₉₇) indicates an amount of time that lapsedwhen luminance was 97% of initial luminance, wherein results arerepresented based on the lifespan of the light-emitting device ofComparative Example 1-2 being 100%.

TABLE 1 Material for Material for Material for hole hole emissionDriving Lifespan injection transport layer voltage Efficiency Emission(LT₉₇) layer layer (weight ratio) (V) (cd/A) color (%) Example CompoundHT45 H125:PD11 5.3 19.1 Red 67% 1-1 6 (90:10) Example m- CompoundH125:PD11 5.2 20.1 Red 71% 1-2 MTDATA 15 (90:10) Example CompoundCompound H125:PD11 5.3 20.3 Red 77% 1-3 6 15 (90:10) Example CompoundCompound H125:PD11 5.3 20.3 Red 80% 1-4 7 16 (90:10) Example CompoundHT45 H126:H40: 4.9 23.4 Red 104% 1-5 6 PD11 (45:45:10) Example m-Compound H126:H40: 5.0 23.9 Red 111% 1-6 MTDATA 15 PD11 (45:45:10)Example Compound Compound H126:H40: 4.8 24.1 Red 118% 1-7 6 15 PD11(45:45:10) Example Compound Compound H126:H40: 4.8 24.2 Red 120% 1-8 716 PD11 (45:45:10) Comparative m- HT45 H125:PD11 5.3 19.2 Red 63%Example MTDATA (90:10) 1-1 Comparative m- HT45 H126:H40: 4.9 23.4 Red100% Example MTDATA PD11 1-2 (45:45:10)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Referring to Table 1, it was confirmed that the light-emitting devicesof Examples 1-1 to 1-4 have low driving voltage, high efficiency, orlong lifespan, compared to the light-emitting device of ComparativeExample 1-1, and the light-emitting devices of Examples 1-5 to 1-8 havelow driving voltage, high efficiency, or long lifespan, compared to thelight-emitting device of Comparative Example 1-2.

Example 2-1

A light-emitting device was manufactured in the same manner as inExample 1-1, except that Compound 6 was vacuum-deposited on the ITOsubstrate to form a hole injection layer having a thickness of 110 nm,HT45 was vacuum-deposited on the hole injection layer to form a holetransport layer having a thickness of 10 nm, and H125 and PD13 wereco-deposited on the hole transport layer at a weight ratio of 90:10 toform an emission layer having a thickness of 30 nm.

Examples 2-2 to 2-8 and Comparative Examples 2-1 and 2-2

A light-emitting device was manufactured in the same manner as inExample 2-1, except that, compounds shown in Table 2 were used insteadof Compound 6, HT45, HT125, and PD13, which were used in Example 2-1.

Evaluation Example 2

Evaluation Example 2 was measured in the same manner as EvaluationExample 1, except that the lifespan of Comparative Example 2-2 was usedas a standard of 100%. Results of evaluation on characteristics of thelight-emitting devices manufactured in Examples 2-1 to 2-8 andComparative Examples 1-1 and 2-2 are shown in Table 2.

TABLE 2 Material for Material Material emission for hole for hole layerDriving injection transport (weight voltage Efficiency Emission Lifespanlayer layer ratio) (V) (cd/A) color (LT₉₇) (%) Example 2-1 Compound HT45H125:PD13 5.2 42.0 Green 59 % 6 (90:10) Example 2-2 m- CompoundH125:PD13 5.1 43.2 Green 67 % MTDATA 15 (90:10) Example 2-3 CompoundCompound H125:PD13 5.1 43.1 Green 69 % 6 15 (90:10) Example 2-4 CompoundCompound H125:PD13 5.1 43.1 Green 73 % 7 16 (90:10) Example 2-5 CompoundHT45 H126:H40: 4.8 52.9 Green 105 % 6 PD13 (45:45:10) Example 2-6 m-Compound H126:H40: 4.8 55.5 Green 110% MTDATA 15 PD13 (45:45:10) Example2-7 Compound Compound H126:H40: 4.8 56.1 Green 117% 6 15 PD13 (45:45:10)Example 2-8 Compound Compound H126:H40: 4.8 56.0 Green 120 % 7 16 PD13(45:45:10) Comparative m- HT45 H125:PD13 5.1 41.7 Green 57% Example 2-1MTDATA (90:10) Comparative m- HT45 H126:H40: 4.8 53.2 Green 100 %Example 2-2 MTDATA PD13 (45:45:10)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Referring to Table 2, it was confirmed that the light-emitting devicesof Examples 2-1 to 2-4 have low driving voltage, high efficiency, orlong lifespan, compared to the light-emitting device of ComparativeExample 2-1, and the light-emitting devices of Examples 2-5 to 2-8 havelow driving voltage, high efficiency, or long lifespan, compared to thelight-emitting device of Comparative Example 2-2.

Example 3-1

A light-emitting device was manufactured in the same manner as inExample 1-1, except that Compound 6 was vacuum-deposited on the ITOsubstrate to form a hole injection layer having a thickness of 110 nm,HT45 was vacuum-deposited on the hole injection layer to form a holetransport layer having a thickness of 10 nm, and H127 and FD1 wereco-deposited on the hole transport layer at a weight ratio of 90:10 toform an emission layer having a thickness of 30 nm.

Examples 3-2 to 3-8 and Comparative Examples 3-1 and 3-2

A light-emitting device was manufactured in the same manner as inExample 3-1, except that, compounds shown in Table 3 were used insteadof Compound 6, HT45, HT127, and FD1, which are used in Example 3-1.

Evaluation Example 3

Evaluation Example 3 was measured in the same manner as EvaluationExample 1, except that the lifespan of Comparative Example 3-1 was usedas a standard of 100%. Results of evaluation on characteristics of thelight-emitting devices manufactured in Examples 3-1 to 3-8 andComparative Examples 3-1 and 3-2 are shown in Table 3.

TABLE 3 Material for Material Material for hole for hole emissionDriving injection transport layer voltage Efficiency Emission Lifespanlayer layer (weight ratio) (V) (cd/A) color (LT₉₇) (%) Example CompoundHT45 H127:FD1 4.3 6.2 Blue 103% 3-1 6 (90:10) Example m- CompoundH127:FD1 4.2 6.3 Blue 111% 3-2 MTDATA 15 (90:10) Example CompoundCompound H127:FD1 4.2 6.4 Blue 120% 3-3 6 15 (90:10) Example CompoundCompound H127:FD1 4.2 6.4 Blue 122% 3-4 7 16 (90:10) Example CompoundHT45 H127:H128: 3.9 5.8 Blue 95% 3-5 6 FD1 (45:45:10) Example m-Compound H127:H128: 3.8 6.0 Blue 100% 3-6 MTDATA 15 FD1 (45:45:10)Example Compound Compound H127:H128: 3.9 6.0 Blue 103% 3-7 6 15 FD1(45:45:10) Example Compound Compound H127:H128: 3.9 6.0 Blue 105% 3-8 716 FD1 (45:45:10) Comparative m- HT45 H127:FD1 4.2 6.3 Blue 100% ExampleMTDATA (90:10) 3-1 Comparative m- HT45 H127:H128: 3.9 5.9 Blue 93%Example MTDATA FD1 3-2 (45:45:10)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Referring to Table 3, it was confirmed that the light-emitting devicesof Examples 3-1 to 3-4 have low driving voltage, high efficiency, orlong lifespan, compared to the light-emitting device of ComparativeExample 3-1, and the light-emitting devices of Examples 3-5 to 3-8 havelow driving voltage, high efficiency, or long lifespan, compared to thelight-emitting device of Comparative Example 3-2.

Example 4-1

A light-emitting device was manufactured in the same manner as inExample 1-1, except that Compound 24 was vacuum-deposited on the ITOsubstrate to form a hole injection layer having a thickness of 110 nm,HT45 was vacuum-deposited on the hole injection layer to form a holetransport layer having a thickness of 10 nm, and H125 and PD11 wereco-deposited on the hole transport layer at a weight ratio of 90:10 toform an emission layer having a thickness of 30 nm.

Examples 4-2 to 4-6 and Comparative Examples 4-1 and 4-2

A light-emitting device was manufactured in the same manner as inExample 4-1, except that, compounds shown in Table 4 were used insteadof Compound 24, HT45, HT125, and PD11, which were used in Example 4-1.

Evaluation Example 4

Evaluation Example 4 was measured in the same manner as EvaluationExample 1, except that the lifespan of Comparative Example 4-2 was usedas a standard of 100%. Results of evaluation on characteristics of thelight-emitting devices manufactured in Examples 4-1 to 4-6 andComparative Examples 4-1 and 4-2 are shown in Table 4.

TABLE 4 Material for Material Material emission for hole for hole layerDriving Lifespan injection transport (weight voltage Efficiency Emission(LT₉₇) layer layer ratio) (V) (cd/A) color (%) Example 4-1 Compound HT45H125:PD11 5.3 19.5 Red 80% 24 (90:10) Example 4-2 HT35 CompoundH125:PD11 5.3 19.6 Red 81% 15 (90:10) Example 4-3 Compound CompoundH125:PD11 5.3 19.7 Red 81% 24 15 (90:10) Example 4-4 Compound HT45H126:H40: 5.2 22.7 Red 109% 24 PD11 (45:45:10) Example 4-5 HT35 CompoundH126:H40: 5.1 22.9 Red 115% 15 PD11 (45:45:10) Example 4-6 CompoundCompound H126:H40: 5.2 22.9 Red 118% 24 15 PD11 (45:45:10) ComparativeHT35 HT45 H125:PD11 5.4 19.5 Red 73% Example 4-1 (90:10) ComparativeHT35 HT45 H126:H40: 5.2 22.7 Red 100% Example 4-2 PD11 (45:45:10)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Referring to Table 4, it was confirmed that the light-emitting devicesof Examples 4-1 to 4-3 have low driving voltage, high efficiency, orlong lifespan, compared to the light-emitting device of ComparativeExample 4-1, and the light-emitting devices of Examples 4-4 to 4-6 havelow driving voltage, high efficiency, or long lifespan, compared to thelight-emitting device of Comparative Example 4-2.

Example 5-1

A light-emitting device was manufactured in the same manner as inExample 1-1, except that Compound 24 was vacuum-deposited on the ITOsubstrate to form a hole injection layer having a thickness of 110 nm,HT45 was vacuum-deposited on the hole injection layer to form a holetransport layer having a thickness of 10 nm, and H125 and PD13 wereco-deposited on the hole transport layer at a weight ratio of 90:10 toform an emission layer having a thickness of 30 nm.

Examples 5-2 to 5-6 and Comparative Examples 5-1 and 5-2

A light-emitting device was manufactured in the same manner as inExample 5-1, except that, compounds shown in Table 5 were used insteadof Compound 24, HT45, HT125, and PD13, which were used in Example 5-1.

Evaluation Example 5

Evaluation Example 5 was measured in the same manner as EvaluationExample 1, except that the lifespan of Comparative Example 5-2 was usedas a standard of 100%. Results of evaluation on characteristics of thelight-emitting devices manufactured in Examples 5-1 to 5-6 andComparative Examples 5-1 and 5-2 are shown in Table 5.

TABLE 5 Material Material Material for for hole for hole emissionDriving Lifespan injection transport layer voltage Efficiency Emission(LT₉₇) layer layer (weight ratio) (V) (cd/A) color (%) Example 5-1Compound HT45 H125:PD13 5.3 42.2 Green 65% 24 (90:10) Example 5-2 HT35Compound H125:PD13 5.2 42.3 Green 69% 15 (90:10) Example 5-3 CompoundCompound H125:PD13 5.2 42.3 Green 75% 24 15 (90:10) Example 5-4 CompoundHT45 H126:H40: 4.8 51.5 Green 105% 24 PD13 (45:45:10) Example 5-5 HT35Compound H126:H40: 4.8 51.3 Green 109% 15 PD13 (45:45:10) Example 5-6Compound Compound H126:H40: 4.8 51.5 Green 115% 24 15 PD13 (45:45:10)Comparative HT35 HT45 H125:PD13 5.3 42.3 Green 61% Example 5-1 (90:10)Comparative HT35 HT45 H126:H40: 4.9 51.2 Green 100% Example 5-2 PD13(45:45:10)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Referring to Table 5, it was confirmed that the light-emitting devicesof Examples 5-1 to 5-3 have low driving voltage, high efficiency, orlong lifespan, compared to the light-emitting device of ComparativeExample 5-1, and the light-emitting devices of Examples 5-4 to 5-6 havelow driving voltage, high efficiency, or long lifespan, compared to thelight-emitting device of Comparative Example 5-2.

Example 6-1

A light-emitting device was manufactured in the same manner as inExample 1-1, except that Compound 24 was vacuum-deposited on the ITOsubstrate to form a hole injection layer having a thickness of 110 nm,HT45 was vacuum-deposited on the hole injection layer to form a holetransport layer having a thickness of 10 nm, and H127 and FD1 wereco-deposited on the hole transport layer at a weight ratio of 90:10 toform an emission layer having a thickness of 30 nm.

Examples 6-2 to 6-6 and Comparative Examples 6-1 and 6-2

A light-emitting device was manufactured in the same manner as inExample 6-1, except that, compounds shown in Table 6 were used insteadof Compound 24, HT45, HT127, and FD1, which were used in Example 6-1.

Evaluation Example 6

Evaluation Example 6 was measured in the same manner as EvaluationExample 1, except that the lifespan of Comparative Example 6-1 was usedas a standard of 100%. Results of evaluation on characteristics of thelight-emitting devices manufactured in Examples 6-1 to 6-6 andComparative Examples 6-1 and 6-2 are shown in Table 6.

TABLE 6 Material for Material Material emission for hole for hole layerDriving Lifespan injection transport (weight voltage Efficiency Emission(LT₉₇) layer layer ratio) (V) (cd/A) color (%) Example 6-1 Compound HT45H127:FD1 4.2 6.1 Blue 103% 24 (90:10) Example 6-2 HT35 Compound H127:FD14.2 6.1 Blue 112% 15 (90:10) Example 6-3 Compound Compound H127:FD1 4.26.2 Blue 119% 24 15 (90:10) Example 6-4 Compound HT45 H127:H128: 3.9 5.7Blue 95% 24 FD1 (45:45:10) Example 6-5 HT35 Compound H127:H128: 3.8 5.8Blue 98% 15 FD1 (45:45:10) Example 6-6 Compound Compound H127:H128: 3.85.8 Blue 100% 24 15 FD1 (45:45:10) Comparative HT35 HT45 H127:FD1 4.26.1 Blue 100% Example 6-1 (90:10) Comparative HT35 HT45 H127:H128: 3.95.7 Blue 91% Example 6-2 FD1 (45:45:10)

 

 

 

 

 

 

Referring to Table 6, it was confirmed that the light-emitting devicesof Examples 6-1 to 6-3 have low driving voltage, high efficiency, orlong lifespan, compared to the light-emitting device of ComparativeExample 6-1, and the light-emitting devices of Examples 6-4 to 6-6 havelow driving voltage, high efficiency, or long lifespan, compared to thelight-emitting device of Comparative Example 6-2.

The light-emitting device may have high efficiency and long lifespan andmay be used to manufacture high-quality electronic apparatuses havingexcellent light-emission efficiency and long lifespan.

It should be understood that embodiments described herein should beconsidered in a descriptive sense only and not for purposes oflimitation. Descriptions of features or aspects within each embodimentshould typically be considered as available for other similar featuresor aspects in other embodiments. While embodiments have been describedwith reference to the figures, it will be understood by those ofordinary skill in the art that various changes in form and details maybe made therein without departing from the spirit and scope as definedby the claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A light-emitting device comprising: a firstelectrode; a second electrode facing the first electrode; and aninterlayer between the first electrode and the second electrode, whereinthe interlayer includes an emission layer, and a hole transport regionbetween the emission layer and the first electrode, the hole transportregion includes at least one first compound including ¹⁵N in the numberof m₁, ¹⁵N in the number of m₁ is linked to a neighboring carbon (C) viaa single bond, m₁ is an integer equal to or greater than 1, and the atleast one first compound is not Compound A:


2. The light-emitting device of claim 1, wherein at least one C fromamong C linked to ¹⁵N in the number of m₁ via a single bond is ¹²C. 3.The light-emitting device of claim 1, wherein m₁ is an integer from 1 to10.
 4. The light-emitting device of claim 1, wherein at least one ¹⁵Nfrom among ¹⁵N in the number of m₁ forms a part of a cyclic groupincluded in the at least one first compound.
 5. The light-emittingdevice of claim 1, wherein at least one ¹⁵N from among ¹⁵N in the numberof m₁ does not form a part of a cyclic group included in the at leastone first compound.
 6. The light-emitting device of claim 1, wherein theat least one first compound further includes ¹⁴N in the number of m₂,¹⁴N in the number of m₂ is linked to a neighboring carbon (C) via asingle bond, and m₂ is an integer equal to or greater than
 1. 7. Thelight-emitting device of claim 6, wherein at least one ¹⁴N from among¹⁴N in the number of m₂ does not form a part of a cyclic group includedin the at least one first compound.
 8. The light-emitting device ofclaim 1, wherein the at least one first compound includes two or moreN(s), and when two N(s) from among the two or more N(s) are linked to aheteroatom-free group, at least one of the two N(s) is ¹⁵N.
 9. Thelight-emitting device of claim 1, wherein the at least one firstcompound includes two or more N(s), the two or more N(s) each form afirst cyclic group and a second cyclic group, and when the first cyclicgroup and the second cyclic group form a condensed ring with each other,at least one of the two or more N(s) is ¹⁵N.
 10. The light-emittingdevice of claim 1, wherein each N included in the at least one firstcompound is ¹⁵N.
 11. The light-emitting device of claim 1, wherein theat least one first compound further includes O, S, Si, P, B, or acombination thereof.
 12. The light-emitting device of claim 1, whereineach of the at least one first compound is represented by one ofFormulae 1, 1-1, 2, 2-1, and 3:

wherein in Formulae 1, 1-1, 2, 2-1, and 3, Y₂₁ is O, S, Se,C(Z₂₁a)(Z₂₁b), Si(Z₂₁a)(Z₂₁b), or N*(Z₂₁a), Y₃₁ is O, S, Se,C(Z₃₁a)(Z₃₁b), Si(Z₃₁a)(Z₃₁b), or N*(Z₃₁a); Y₃₂ is O, S, Se,C(Z₃₂a)(Z₃₂b), Si(Z₃₂a)(Z_(32b)), or N*(Z₃₂a), N* is ¹⁴N or ¹⁵N, atleast one N* in Formula 1, 1-1, 2, 2-1, or 3 is ¹⁵N, b21, b31, and b32are each independently an integer from 0 to 3, Ar₁₁ to Ar₁₄, Ar₂₁, Ar₂₂,and Ar₂₄ are each independently a C₃-C₆₀ carbocyclic group unsubstitutedor substituted with at least one R_(10a) or a C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic groupunsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_(10a), ring A₂₁, A₂₂,and A₃₁ to A₃₄ are each independently a C₃-C₆₀ carbocyclic groupunsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_(10a) or a C₁-C₆₀heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least oneR_(10a), L₁₀, L₂₀, and L₃₀ are each independently *—O—′, *—S—*′,*—N*(Ar₁₅)—*′, a C₃-C₆₀ carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substitutedwith at least one R_(10a), or a C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group unsubstitutedor substituted with at least one R_(10a), A₁₅ is the same as describedin connection with Ar₁₁, L₁₁ to L₁₄ and L₂₁ to L₂₄ are eachindependently a C₃-C₆₀ carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substitutedwith at least one R_(10a) or a C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group unsubstitutedor substituted with at least one R_(10a), a11 to a14 and a21 to a24 areeach independently an integer from 0 to 10, a10, a20, and a30 are eachindependently an integer from 1 to 5, R₂₁, R₂₂, R₃₁ to R₃₄, Z₂₁a, Z₂₁b,Z₃₁a, Z₃₁b, Z₃₂a, and Z₃₂ b are each independently hydrogen, deuterium,—F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, aC₁-C₆₀ alkyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least oneR_(10a), a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group unsubstituted or substituted with atleast one R_(10a), a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group unsubstituted or substitutedwith at least one R_(10a), a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group unsubstituted orsubstituted with at least one R_(10a), a C₃-C₆₀ carbocyclic groupunsubstituted or substituted with at least one R_(10a), a C₁-C₆₀heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least oneR_(10a), a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group unsubstituted or substituted with atleast one R_(10a), a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group unsubstituted or substitutedwith at least one R_(10a), —Si(Q₁)(Q₂)(Q₃), —N*(Q₁)(Q₂), —B(Q₁)(Q₂),—C(═O)(Q₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₁), or —P(═O)(Q₁)(Q₂), c21, c22, and c31 to c34 areeach independently an integer from 0 to 10, n is an integer from 1 to 5,R_(10a) is: deuterium (-D), —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyanogroup, or a nitro group; a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, aC₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, or a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, each unsubstituted orsubstituted with deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyanogroup, a nitro group, a C₃-C₆₀ carbocyclic group, a C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclicgroup, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group,—Si(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂)(Q₁₃), —N*(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂), —B(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂), —C(═O)(Q₁₁),—S(═O)₂(Q₁₁), —P(═O)(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂), or a combination thereof; a C₃-C₆₀carbocyclic group, a C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group,or a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, each unsubstituted or substituted withdeuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitrogroup, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynylgroup, a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a C₃-C₆₀ carbocyclic group, a C₁-C₆₀heterocyclic group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group,—Si(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂)(Q₂₃), —N*(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂), —B(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂), —C(═O)(Q₂₁),—S(═O)₂(Q₂₁), —P(═O)(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂), or a combination thereof; or—Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —N*(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —B(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —C(═O)(Q₃₁),—S(═O)₂(Q₃₁), or —P(═O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), Q₁ to Q₃, Q₁₁ to Q₁₃, Q₂₁ to Q₂₃, andQ₃₁ to Q₃₃ are each independently: hydrogen; deuterium; —F; —Cl; —Br;—I; a hydroxyl group; a cyano group; a nitro group; a C₁-C₆₀ alkylgroup; a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group; a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group; a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxygroup; or a C₃-C₆₀ carbocyclic group or a C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group,each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, —F, a cyano group, aC₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenylgroup, or a combination thereof, when a heteroatom included in theC₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group is a nitrogen atom, the nitrogen atom is ¹⁴Nor ¹⁵N, a nitrogen atom included in the cyano group or the nitro groupis ¹⁴N or ¹⁵N, and N* is ¹⁴N or ¹⁵N.
 13. The light-emitting device ofclaim 1, wherein the hole transport region includes two or more firstcompounds that are different from each other.
 14. The light-emittingdevice of claim 1, wherein the hole transport region includes a firstlayer, and a second layer between the first layer and the emissionlayer, the first layer and the second layer each include the at leastone first compound, and the at least one first compound included in thefirst layer is different from the at least one first compound includedin the second layer.
 15. The light-emitting device of claim 14, whereinthe at least one first compound included in the first layer includes ¹⁵Nin the number of m₁₁, the at least one first compound included in thesecond layer includes ¹⁵N in the number of m₁₂, and m₁₁ is greater thanm₁₂.
 16. The light-emitting device of claim 1, wherein the holetransport region includes at least one of a first compound selected fromCompounds 1 to 24:


17. The light-emitting device of claim 1, wherein the emission layerincludes a first emission layer, a second emission layer, and a thirdemission layer each having different emission colors, the hole transportregion includes a first emission auxiliary layer between the firstelectrode and the first emission layer, a second emission auxiliarylayer between the first electrode and the second emission layer, and athird emission auxiliary layer between the first electrode and the thirdemission layer, and at least one of the first emission auxiliary layer,the second emission auxiliary layer, and the third emission auxiliarylayer includes the at least one first compound.
 18. A light-emittingdevice comprising: a first electrode; a second electrode facing thefirst electrode; an interlayer between the first electrode and thesecond electrode; and a capping layer disposed outside the secondelectrode and having a refractive index of equal to or greater thanabout 1.6, wherein the interlayer includes an emission layer, and a holetransport region between the emission layer and the first electrode, thehole transport region includes at least one first compound including a¹⁵N—C single bond in the number of m₁, m₁ is an integer equal to orgreater than 1, and the at least one first compound is not Compound A:


19. An electronic apparatus including the light-emitting device of claim1, wherein, the electronic apparatus further comprises a thin-filmtransistor, the thin-film transistor includes a source electrode and adrain electrode, and the first electrode of the light-emitting device iselectrically connected to the source electrode or the drain electrode.20. The electronic apparatus of claim 19, further comprising a colorfilter, a color conversion layer, a touch screen layer, a polarizationlayer, or a combination thereof.